Miscommunication between Teachers In Terms Of Culture, Language, Case Study

Miscommunication between Teachers In Terms Of Culture, Language, Generation Differences - Case Study Example In the following discourse, the paper delves into the relevance of the above in miscommunication between teachers and students. It is a fact that different cultures perceive certain message cues differently and it is no different in the student teacher relationship. Despite the vast amount of information that is now so readily available to the students since the advent of the internet, the teacher still remains the most credible and important source of information for the students which means the miscommunication should be eliminated at all cost. In cases of generational differences, the teacher is in most instances the one in the older generation as compared to the students with the exceptions being the novelty and not the norm. So it’s upon the teacher as the educator to try and understand how to cope with the differences arising with the students as a result of the generation gap. This paper examines that how teaching and culture are interrelated with one another and how it affects the teaching capabilities of an instructor. Educators face a hard time while teaching students with diversified cultural backgrounds. Intercultural miscommunication is a common breakdown that can occur when two different groups belonging from different cultures are brought together. ... The Impact of Intercultural Miscommunication and Generation Gap on Students Cultural miscommunication and generation gap can tremendously affect the students. Cultural shock and generation gap can give rise to depression and stress in them. Teachers focus more on building close relation with the students who bear the similar culture and language with them as compare to ones who have hailed from a different background. They focus more on students to absorb the new culture and language which can psychologically damage a student’s mindset, his values and traditions (Anderson, 1992). It is important for the teachers to understand the widening gap and the factors linked with miscommunication in order to overcome. Also, teachers should possess the ability to effectively communicate with the students regardless of any differences and they should focus more on a student’s ability to learn and absorb the knowledge in a better way which could help them to understand their need to be familiar with a new language or culture. They should apply different teaching strategies to overcome the miscommunication such as teachers should engage students in class discussions, help them to become more participative and to help them in absorbing the new culture and language. Implications for Teachers At the same time, teachers should learn to understand that for students it would be difficult to adjust themselves in a different culture which could affect their learning abilities. They should put maximum efforts to overcome miscommunication caused by language and culture. Context There is the occurrence of what has largely been referred to as the generational change. The

Class Reflection on Study of Indigenous People :: Indigenous Studies

WOW When I first came into this class, introduction to indigenous studies, I was uncertain of what to expect but really interested. Part taking in my major towards history and noticed this class I immediately pounced on it as I was quite interested and very pleased. I have been paying attention to many circumstances going on with the indigenous people, their land and culture over the past few years. As even into the first day of class it opened my eyes to a whole new way of life, situations and much much more that indigenous people have went through and are still going through taking my perception much more in-depth, and I cant belief how astonished I am already only six weeks into the course. A very interesting piece I took very seriously was the one by Ermine, Willie. Aboriginal Esptimology, First Nations Education in Canada. As it began to introduce me into a whole new world of the insight and knowledge of aboriginals, it just amazed me. It helped me understand the thoughts and how in depth and real the believes and rituals are. â€Å"Philosophers among Aboriginal people have explored and analyzed the process of self-actualization. The being in relation to the cosmos possessed intriguing and mysterious qualities that provided insights into existence. In their quest to find meaning in the outer space. Aboriginal people turned into the inner space. This inner space is that universe of being within each person that is synonymous with the soul, the spirit, the self.† Wow. To me that quotation was intense I had to read it over a few times to understand the in depth meaning and message it was giving me. I found it so meaningful and in lighting how the thoughts would come to a person like that. When I read that I was greatly interested in the inner self and honestly looked many examples up on Google for a longer period of time than I thought. But as I read on in Willie’s writings I noticed this quote. â€Å"No one could dictate the path that must be followed. There was reconition that every individual had the capacity to make headway into knowledge that comes from the inner space in the individual gives rise to a subjective world-view out onto the external world. The in-depth and analysis of this reading I cant even explain how this took me, I am sorry if I’m carrying this one reading on to far but I have one more quote I took that I would like to share. Class Reflection on Study of Indigenous People :: Indigenous Studies WOW When I first came into this class, introduction to indigenous studies, I was uncertain of what to expect but really interested. Part taking in my major towards history and noticed this class I immediately pounced on it as I was quite interested and very pleased. I have been paying attention to many circumstances going on with the indigenous people, their land and culture over the past few years. As even into the first day of class it opened my eyes to a whole new way of life, situations and much much more that indigenous people have went through and are still going through taking my perception much more in-depth, and I cant belief how astonished I am already only six weeks into the course. A very interesting piece I took very seriously was the one by Ermine, Willie. Aboriginal Esptimology, First Nations Education in Canada. As it began to introduce me into a whole new world of the insight and knowledge of aboriginals, it just amazed me. It helped me understand the thoughts and how in depth and real the believes and rituals are. â€Å"Philosophers among Aboriginal people have explored and analyzed the process of self-actualization. The being in relation to the cosmos possessed intriguing and mysterious qualities that provided insights into existence. In their quest to find meaning in the outer space. Aboriginal people turned into the inner space. This inner space is that universe of being within each person that is synonymous with the soul, the spirit, the self.† Wow. To me that quotation was intense I had to read it over a few times to understand the in depth meaning and message it was giving me. I found it so meaningful and in lighting how the thoughts would come to a person like that. When I read that I was greatly interested in the inner self and honestly looked many examples up on Google for a longer period of time than I thought. But as I read on in Willie’s writings I noticed this quote. â€Å"No one could dictate the path that must be followed. There was reconition that every individual had the capacity to make headway into knowledge that comes from the inner space in the individual gives rise to a subjective world-view out onto the external world. The in-depth and analysis of this reading I cant even explain how this took me, I am sorry if I’m carrying this one reading on to far but I have one more quote I took that I would like to share.

Child Labor: A Growing Stigma Essay

Child labor is one of the most controversial debates existing today. It is an issue that is spread throughout the world and has in some way or another been apart of every country. One cannot describe child labor using one specific definition because it has different meanings in almost every country. However, there is one common characteristic it possesses: the lack of development in a country. Looking at the world today, the economies of each country vary so greatly. Many of the less developed, financially unstable countries exploit young children into factories, workshops, and hazardous areas. These children are unable to avoid this scandal because of the situation that many of them are put in. Since their birth, they are designated to work as young as five to support their family. Education is not an option because almost all of these countries have either no educational system or a pitiful, non-rewarding form of one. Therefore, kids are trapped and do not have the ability to enjoy so many of the wonderful things children in more developed countries get to experience. By not promoting education, the children eventually grow into a society completely undeveloped and illiterate, furthermore continuing the ongoing process of child labor promoting itself. Smaller countries are not the only ones that have been affected by child labor. Wealthier countries such as America have had a dark past with child labor like many of the present day third-world countries. In the early 1900’s, America was industrializing itself and began developing assembly lines to mass-produce items. This was a stepping stone into changing the economy. The problem with this approach, however, was all of this was happening right around the time of World War I and the Great Depression. These two events caused widespread poverty to families throughout the United States. Children were forced to work in terrible conditions because either their father was at war or it was impossible to put food on the table with the lack of available jobs. So in effect, the poverty and lack of a developed economy promoted child labor to new heights. As Eric Edmonds, a professor from Dartmouth College states in the article ‘Child Labor: Sickness or Symptom,’ â€Å"poverty, not child labor, is the real problem.† Not only is child labor morally wrong, it is also physically debilitating. Children who work at these young ages are often left with both physical and psychological problems. In India for example, children making silk thread are forced to put their hands in boiling water, causing burning and blistering to their hands. They are also forced to breathe in dangerous fumes from the machinery around them, and guide threads that cut their fingers. These are things that no human being should be forced to do, let alone a child. This is just one of many extremely hazardous jobs that children all over the world are demanded to do behind closed doors. So what can be done about all of this injustice across the world? The International Labor Organization was established back in 1919 specifically to globally change the way that owners regulate work codes. This organization estimates that there are currently two hundred forty-six million children working between the ages of five and seventeen. Of those numbers, approximately one hundred seventy-nine million are involved in the worst forms of child labor. The ILO Convention Number 182 was specifically designed to eliminate the worst forms of child labor in many of the smaller, third-world countries. Many nations have ratified this convention, but can not necessarily enforce it. There are both good and bad reasons for this response. The good side is obviously the fact that the principle behind exploiting children is attempted to be abolished. The downside to this is that in certain cases, children are better off slaving away in a factory then elsewhere. If they are forced out of this position, the children could in turn become part of militia groups, or worse, prostitution rings. The primary reason for the problems associated with reforms is that many times the people making these ratifications do not fully comprehend the lack of educational opportunities for many children in these countries. The principle behind this convention may seem beneficial at first, but can also be a death sentence for many children. There are exceptions to child labor in small instances all over the world. Even now in America, the Amish still use children to work in stores and farms. The article ‘Labor Laws: An Amish Exception,’ talks about how children are put to work to keep out of trouble. As one passage states, â€Å"As  all Amish know, if boys are not working they will just be out on the street, up to no good.† This is a decent philosophy, but the problem with it lies in the fact that many of the materials and resources the Amish utilized are now becoming scarce and difficult to obtain. The inflated prices of land have forced children to work in workshops with dangerous equipment. This truly demonstrates the importance of developing a general education as a tool to use when a certain trade or skill becomes ineffective or obsolete. The only solution for child labor is for countries to develop. Once these societies begin establishing settlements for learning, technology and the economy will in turn advance in future generations. This continual growth will promote progression that will in turn eliminate the necessity for child labor in many cases. Obviously, this solution will take time and large amounts of money invested from outside organizations. The consequences of not doing anything, however, will simply further the problem. Child labor is something that will be around forever in some form or another, but it is an opposition we can defeat through a worldwide effort.

Export of Wine to Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3992 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? |Contents |Page | |Executive summary of main findings of report |3 | |Introduction to the report .. |4 | | |5 11 | |Product/service and brief company background including why it might consider overseas expansion | | |. | |What are Rose s | | |Examples of some Australian Rose s | | |The Yarra Valley and Yarrawood Estate Pty Ltd | | |Malaysia and Wines; The Export Market Target | | |Malaysia and Wines; Market Trends | | |Malaysia and Wines; Market Opportunities | | |Malaysia and Wines; A Competitive Environment | | |Malaysian Importing, Distribution, Wholesaler Companies | | | |12 | |Brief introduction to chosen country .. | | |Malaysia in Brief | | | |13 15 | |Economic Analysis | | |5. 1 Malaysia’s Economy Overview | | |Wine in Malaysia; a brief economic outlook | | | |16 – 17 | |Political Legal Analysis . | |Malaysian Market Requirements | | |Tariffs, regulations and customs | | | |18 -19 | |Cultural Analysis | | |7. 1 Wine Drinkers in Malaysia | | |7. 2 T he Economy, GDP and Wine | | |Discussion of contemporary or other environmental issues |20 | |Conclusions .. 21 | |Reference list .. |22 25 | 1. Executive Summary This report was written to examine the export of Yarrawood Tall Tales Rose wines into Malaysia. The research draws attention to the fact that Malaysia’s wine consumption is growing due to the following; 1. As at 2009, the total retail sales of food and beverages were estimated at US$11 billion (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 2009) 2. Despite it being a Muslim country, the Malaysian wine market value is estimated at A$119 million where in 2008 a total 6. 7 million litres of wine was exported with Australia supplying 3. 1 million litres of the total import (AUSTRADE). 3. Malaysia is one of the more affluent nations with a GDP per-capita of about US$6,807 in 2007. 4. Malaysia’s economy is presently growing between 3. 4% – 6. 3%. 5. Approximately 97% of the working population continues to be gainfu lly employed. Most importantly, over 60% of the population are in the middle to high income group with a growing purchasing power. (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 2009) It is recommended that in order to ensure success in the Malaysian market we proceed with the following; 1. Partner with a local established distributor as they already have market presence, experience with the customs department and related legalities 2. Enter the market offering Yarrawood Tall Tales Rose wines due to Rose wines being limited in availability, variety and supply. 3. To engage services of local sales and public relations company to promote out variety of wine to the general public via press releases, wine tasting sessions, give away and corporate gifts 2. Introduction A growth in wine consumption has increased significantly in the last five years in Malaysia (Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation). Despite it being a Muslim country the minority Chinese and Indian races have opened up this marke t for the importing of wine. This has sparked an interest with the large wine exporters from France, Italy, Chile, South Africa, Spain, Portugal and Australia. According to the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation, economic prosperity, more relaxed government policies, modern trends, increasing overseas travel and education, and the desire of internationally-educated graduates to retain lifestyles adopted while living abroad have all contributed towards an increasing westernisation of lifestyles. This report will focus solely on the export of the Yarrawood Tall Tales 2008 Rose wine from one of Victoria’s wines region, the Yarra Valley to Malaysia. (Yarrawood, 1996). The reasons for the specific export of the Rose wines are due mainly to its lack of variety and availability in the local market in Malaysia. Current dominating suppliers are from France and Italy which creates the possibility for Australian Roses to not only be exported but liked and gain market share. It is also best to collaborate with a local established distributor to gain market presence and penetration. 3. Product/service and brief company background including why it might consider overseas expansion 1. What are Rose s Rose s wines are described as gloriously alluring pinkish-reddish colour accompanied by fragrantly fresh and uplifting aromas. Their tastes are usually a blend of or inspired by fruits such as strawberries, watermelons, cherries, raspberries, lemons and so on (Ippolito. P, 2010). They are the perfect antidote to a summer’s beverage which makes it perfect for the export to Malaysia due to its all year round tropical climate. 2. Examples of some Australian Rose s Some of Australia’s Rose s wines as compiled by Paul Ippolito are †¢ Annies Lane Clare Valley Rose †¢ Bremerton Racy Rose †¢ Charles Melton Rose Of Virginia †¢ Devils Lair Fifth Leg Rose †¢ Dominique Portet Fontaine Rose †¢ Dowie Doole Rose †¢ Gibbston V alley Blanc de Pinot Noir †¢ Jacobs Creek Reserve Shiraz Rose †¢ Juniper Crossing Rose †¢ Mount Majura Rose †¢ Palandri Baldavis Estate Rose †¢ Parri Estate Rose †¢ Penley Estate Over the Moon Rose †¢ Pepperjack Grenache Rose †¢ Preece Rose †¢ Shottesbrooke McLaren Vale Merlotte Rose †¢ Wyndham Estate Bin 505 Shiraz Rose Yering Station Pinot Noir Rose 3. The Yarra Valley and Yarrawood Estate Pty Ltd There are currently 55 wineries in the Yarra Valley region (Melbourne Wine Region 2007), where some of Australia’s Rose wines are produced. They include boutique and commercial wineries alike; depending on their production volume, market concentration and size of vineyards. The decision to export the Rose wines specifically from this area was mainly due to logistics, costs and accessibility as La Chic Pty Ltd is based out of Melbourne, Victoria. Our company have recently collaborated with Yarrawood Estate Pty Ltd to export their ra nge of Yarrawood Tall Tales Rose wine to Malaysia. This strategic partnership was brought together by our respectively specialities; La Chic Pty Ltd with its market insights and knowledge of Malaysia that would mesh perfectly with Yarrawood’s production of their award winning Rose wines and also their exposure and experience in exporting wine overseas via Alibaba. com (AliBaba, 1999-2010) The Yarrawood Tall Tales Rose wines are harvested from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes on the Yarrawood estate. With the right climate, temperature and soil in the Yarra Valley have resulted in fully ripe and extremely flavoursome fruit. The Yarrawood Tall Tales Rose wines are distinctive as it incorporates flavours of Rose water and aromas of mulberry, strawberry and citrus fruits that provide a luscious lead into a balanced palate finished by guava and tropical fruit. This wine is best enjoyed young when the fruit flavours are freshest. The production time of this wine is most e conomical due to the fact that it does not need to be aged for a long time hence the quick turnaround of production that would ensure constant supply. This wine has won the Bronze Award in the Victoria wine Show 2009. It contains 13. 50% Alcohol and was bottled in September 2009 (Yarrawood, 1996). 4. Malaysia and Wines; The Export Market Target As mentioned earlier, the lack of supply and variety of the Rose wines had led to our desire to export them to Malaysia. Currently, red wine dominates the Malaysian market with almost 80% of volume sales. They include Cabernet at 28% which is the most popular red variety followed by Shiraz at 18%, which is largely attributed to the popularity of Australian wines. Based on the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation, the female drinking population in Malaysia prefer white wines which include Chardonnay at 36% and Sauvignon Blanc 21% as the most popular white varietals. Australia, possibly due to its geographical location has been the number one wine exporter to Malaysia since overtaking France in  2001 with an estimated market share of 45-50% (Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation). Currently, sales of wines are limited and availability are via a selected few retail outlets such as supermarkets, hypermarkets and several specialist wine stores which are both on and off line. Direct wine sales have also been increasing in volume especially with these specialist wine stores operating online businesses. Besides these channels, many restaurants and hotels are host wine tasting sessions, which are leading to increased awareness and appreciation of wines. (Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation) 5. Malaysia and Wines; Market Trends Before the emergence of wine as a lifestyle choice drink, brandy and whisky were the most popular alcoholic beverage in Malaysia. Despite it being a Muslim country, the Malaysian wine market value is estimated at A$119 million where in 2008 a total 6. 7 million litres of wine was exported wit h Australia supplying 3. million litres of the total import (AUSTRADE). This goes to show that Malaysia is and would be a profitably market to penetrate especially if we are able to gain and sustain our market share with our Yarrawood Tall Tales Rose wines. There are several factors that contribute to this growing market; †¢ A majority of Malaysians due to overseas education and exposure are now more affluent, sophisticated and well-travelled consumers. †¢ As the British colonial days, once again wine is and has become a symbol of cultural refinement in Malaysia †¢ Malaysia has attracted a sizeable expatriate community †¢ There is a steady flow of tourists Once again due to overseas education and exposure, there are now a large number of younger wine drinkers who regard the consumption of wine as being modern and upmarket †¢ Wine has become the â€Å"healthier† choice compared to hard liquor like brandy and whisky (AUSTRADE) 6. Malaysia and Wines; Mar ket Opportunities As discussed, Malaysia is a growing market for the exporting of wines and especially Rose wines due to its lack and limited array of variety and availability. The numbers of wine drinkers will increase with the aid of direct and indirect exposures via; †¢ Regular showcasing and promotions of food-producing countries by five-star hotels in which wines are often one of the main items featured. †¢ Wine tasting events that incorporate lessons or with cooking classes. †¢ Feature articles in the local media. (AUSTRADE) Social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube that offer streamed online wine tutorials such as the excellent case of Wine Actually. 7. Malaysia and Wines; A Competitive Environment Despite the imposed taxes and tariffs there are affordable wine ranges especially from the â€Å"New World† countries such as Australia, Argentina, Chile and South Africa. These wines are in the range of RM35. 00 – RM50. 00 approximately A$12. 50 – A$17. 85 (using the exchange rate of RM2. 80 to A$1. 00) per bottle which is cheap considering as mentioned tariffs and taxes (AUSTRADE). The target markets for this price range are the fresh graduates and new entrants into the workforce mainly due to income levels. Moving on to the next level which is the mid-price wines which would range between RM60. 00–RM110. 00 approximately A$21. 40 – A$39. 00 per bottle. These ranges of wines are mainly dominated by the Australian and Chilean wines. However, the South African wines are now offered in more variety and good value which is becoming a growing segment and a competitor to be reckoned with (AUSTRADE). The target markets for this price range are the young professionals also sometimes dubbed as the â€Å"yuppies†, returning home Malaysians from overseas and some expatriates. The premium priced wines range anywhere from RM110. 00 and above which are mainly dominated by Old World producers and f ew selected wines from Australia and Chile. These are the French, Italian, Spanish and American producers which have made a presence in the local market. Unfortunately, Australian exporters have been facing difficulty penetrating this segment as it is a segment mainly dominated by mature drinkers. Mature drinkers tend to shift towards Old World wines once they have acquired the taste of New World wines (AUSTRADE). These mature drinkers comprise of the more affluent, high income, possibly middle to old aged, and the expatriates. 8. Malaysian Importing, Distribution, Wholesaler Companies Our major competition, possible business partners and distributors in Malaysia; Luen Heng; †¢ Do not distribute Rose wines. Australia Wine Brands; Yering Station, Miranda, Tim Gramp, Goundrey, Lazy Lizard, Brokenwood, Parker Coonawarra. †¢ New Zealand Brands – Kim Crawford (only Sav Blanc) Asiaeuro †¢ Carry red and white wines. †¢ Also have 2 Sparkling wines; 1 of which i s a Brut Rose . †¢ 1 dessert wine. Casa Vino †¢ Sells 5 types of Rose s from Italy, France and South Africa †¢ Large selection of red and white wines †¢ Own retail outlets along with franchising opportunities Wine Malaysia †¢ Very limited number of wines †¢ Unattractive web design †¢ Low costs set up Wine Actually †¢ Very interesting set up. †¢ Owned and run by 2 overseas educated wine enthusiasts †¢ Excellent use of social media such as Facebook by incorporated wine tutorials on their Wine TV. They sell online without a retail store with pick-ups are welcomed †¢ They run wine appreciation classes. †¢ Sell affordable wines with ratings. †¢ Offer 4 types of Rose s from Italy and France. Denise Wines †¢ Reds, whites sparkling – no Rose †¢ One of the better established modern wine distributors †¢ Operating since 2001 †¢ Many retail outlets and possibly the biggest wine retailer in Malaysia. Th e Wine Club †¢ Rose s from France Italy only †¢ Provides membership similar to Wine Selectors in Australia. E Guide †¢ A similar website like Yellow Pages providing a list of businesses and shops selling alcohol which would have procured their supply from the companies listed here. | | |Nam Lee | |Only 1 Australian wine brand | 4. Brief Introduction to Chosen country 4. 1 Malaysia in Brief Malaysia gained its independence from Britain on 31 August 1957 and was formed in 1963 when the former British colonies of Singapore and the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. However in 1965 it was Singapore’s secession from the Federation. During the 22-year term of Prime Minister Mahatir Mohamad (1981-2003), Malaysia experienced growth and was successful in diversifying its economy from dependence on exports of raw materials to expansion in manufacturing, services, and tourism. The population of Malaysia as at July 2010 was at 25,715,819 with an urban rate of 70% of the total population. You can say that it’s an urbanised nation due to this percentage. The major races in Malaysia are the Malays at 50. 4% followed by the Chinese at 23. 7%. The indigenous population are at 11% mainly in and from East Malaysia. Finally we have the Indian at 7. 1%, and other races at 7. 8%. Malaysia is a Muslim country as the Malay race prescribes to Islam at 60. 4%. The other religions are Buddhism at 19. 2% and with a Christians at 9. 1% and lastly Hinduism at 6. 3% (CIA World Fact Book, 2010). 5. Economic Analysis 5. 1 Malaysia’s Economy Overview Malaysia transformed from a producer of raw materials into an emerging multi-sector economy (CIA World Fact Book, 2010). The government have successfully attracted foreign investment into the country mainly due to its stable political climate and reasonable costs of labour and materials. Its geographic location is also strategic business as its neighbours Singapore and Thailand are stable, its on the shipping route and has good climate all year round. According to the CIA World Fact Book (2010), the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in relation to the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) was at $383. 6 billion in 2009 and ranked 30th in the world. Despite the government’s efforts to wean off exports, the wine market would still have it place as Malaysia is not a wine producer nor are its neighbours. Because of this the market will only continue to grow. As at 2009, the total retail sales of food and beverages were estimated at US$11 billion. According to the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (2009), the forecast for this sector is likely to grow by around 10 percent per annum over the next three to five years. In 2007, Malaysia imported a total of US$ 5. 1 billion of food and beverage products. Food imports have been positively growing on an average of over 20 percent per annum over the past few years and are expected likely to grow at similar rates over the next five year s (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 2009). 5. 2 Wine in Malaysia; a brief economic outlook Competition in the sector (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 2009 page 20) |Product |Major Supply Sources |Strengths of key |Strengths of key | | | |supply countries |supply countries | |Wine Import: |1. Australia 46% |Australia has developed |Malaysia does not | |7 million liters |2. France – 13% |a higher presence in the |produce any grape | |US$ 42. 5 million |3. USA 11% |market because of its |wine. | |(CIF value) | |price competitive New | | | | |World grape wines and | | | | |strong brand presence. | | | | | | | | |France dominates the | | | | |food service market and | | | | |competes on quality and | | | | |price. | | | | | | | | |USA supplies well known | | | | |brands of New | | | | |World wines to both the | | | | |retail and food | | Category A: Products Present in the Market That Have Good Sales Potential (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 2009 page 26) Product |2003 |2007 |5 year |Import |Import |Market | |category |Imports |Imports |Average |Tariff Rate |Tariff Rate |attractiveness | | | | |Annual | | |for USA | | | | |Import | | | | | | | |Growth | | | | | | | |Rate | | | | |Wine |4 million |7 million |15 % |Import duty |Wine is |Category A. | | |litres |litres |growth per |of RM23 |increasingly |Opportunities | | |US$ 20 |US$ |annum. |per liter for |being |continue to | | |million |42. 5 |Fast |sparkling |consumed by |exist for US | | |(CIF |million |growing |wine. the younger |exporters to | | |value) |(CIF |market, |Import duty |generation of |expand this | | | |value) |particularly |of RM7 per |adult urban |market for | | | | |demanded |liter for |Malaysian |their new | | | | |at weddings |other |Chinese and |world wines as | | | | |and other |wines. |Indians, |increasing | | | | |major |Excise Duty |particularly |number of | | | | |celebration |of 15% and |those educated |young | | | | |as more |RM34/Ltr |abroad and/or |Malaysians | | | | |purchasers |for |are well travelled. acquire a taste | | | | |switch to |sparkling | |for wines as | | | | |wine |wine or | |opposed to | | | | |(sparkling |15% and | |whiskey and | | | | |and non-sparkling) |RM 12/Ltr | |brandy. | | | | |from |for other | | | | | | |spirits. |grape | | | | | | | |wines. | | | 6. Political Legal Analysis 6. 1 Malaysian Market Requirements First, the trading environment for wine is not difficult to negotiate in Malaysia. The main thing to ensure is that a company strictly follows the labelling regulations. One of the main things with labelling is that it clearly states that it is an alcoholic beverage for the protection of Malaysia’s Muslim consumers. The Government also imposes three taxes on wine imports. (Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation 2008) 6. 2 Tariffs, regulations and customs Should we engage in a local distributor they would need to obtain an import licence from the Royal Customs and Excise Department of Malaysia. All rel evant shipping and negotiable documents, including the pro-forma invoice, bills of lading and packing lists should be forwarded to the importer immediately after shipment (AUSTRADE). According to AUSTRADE, there are no import quotas or restrictions imposed by the Malaysian Government on wine and brandy presently. However, all liquor shipments entering the country are subject to customs clearance and duties. Its is customary for the Customs and Excise Department of Malaysia to remove one bottle from each case to assess the alcohol content, invariably affecting landed prices. Current import duty for still wines in containers holding two litres or less is RM7. 00 per litre  and  a  15 per cent Valorem Tax on the CIF + import duty value. Additionally, there is an excise duty of RM12. 00 per litre. At the end there is an additional  five per cent sales tax on the total value. AUSTRADE) As mentioned earlier, labelling is a important element to the alcohol beverages industry in Malaysia. The detailed guidelines are obtainable from the Department of Public Health Malaysia where it legislates that the label must include the following information: †¢ The specific description of the product †¢ The alcohol content stating the words ‘ARAK MENGANDUNGI % ALKOHOL’ †¢ The primary ingredients used in production †¢ A font size of 12 points must be used to inform Muslims, as non-alcoholic sparkling grape juice and other fruit juices are packaged in similar bottles. (AUSTRADE) 7. Cultural Analysis 7. 1 Wine Drinkers in Malaysia Historically, Malaysians have not been great wine drinkers but consumption has increased significantly in the past five years as hard liquor was more popular. However, economic prosperity, more relaxed government policies, modern trends, increasing overseas travel and education, and the desire of internationally-educated graduates to retain lifestyles adopted while living abroad have all contributed towards an increasing westernisation of lifestyles. Muslim Malaysians do not drink alcohol, leaving the market for wine principally made up of Chinese, Indians, foreign expatriates and tourists (Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation) 7. 2 The Economy, GDP and Wine In Asia, Malaysia is one of the more affluent nations with a GDP per-capita of about US$6,807 in 2007. It is regarded as an upper middle income country with its rank of being the 8th wealthiest nation in East Asia. Due to its mixed economy strongly comprising mainly of agricultural, services and manufacturing industries it has now a firm foundation. Its economy is presently growing between 3. 4% – 6. 3%. With its multi-racial population, it is a nation of multilinguals speaking at least two languages fluently including English which is widely used in the business environment. Malaysia has a young population comprising of 32% aged 15 years and below and 63. 5% in the 15 year to 64 year age range. Approximately 97% of th e working population continues to be gainfully employed. Most importantly, over 60% of the population are in the middle to high income group with a growing purchasing power. (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 2009) Its neighbour Singapore is by far more modernised mainly due to its high expatriate population. However, Malaysia is improving in becoming more sophisticated and modern by western standards. Today, Malaysia provides a significant pool of active consumers who will continue to modernise their eating habits, leading to increasing consumption of imported food and beverages including the consumption of wine (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 2009). 8. Discussion of contemporary or other environmental issues As mentioned above, the main consumers of wine would include the Chinese, Indian, Expatriate population including the constant inflow of tourists. Due to its strong economic growth, working and overseas educated population; Malaysia is the ideal hub for wine export. Cont ributing factors include both a stable economic and political climate conducive to the wine consumption an industry. 9. Conclusion The main conclusion that can be drawn is that with the correct business plan considering the legalities, the export of the Yarrawood Tall Tales Rose wines from Australia would be a successful venture. It should also be noted that its best to collaborate with a local established distributor as they have already established their presence and market penetration would be far easier and stronger. The higher the number of overseas educated, frequent travellers and expatriates, the higher the wine consumption in Malaysia will grow. With that the demand for our Yarrawood Tall Tales Rose wines would increase if and when positioned strategically. 10. Reference List AUSTRADE. (2010, May 6). Export Markets, Wines to Malaysia. Retrieved August 7, 2010 from https://www. austrade. gov. au/Wine-to-Malaysia/default. aspx Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation. (2008) . Malaysia. Retrieved August 7, 2010, from https://www. wineaustralia. com/australia/Default. aspx? tabid=1739 Australian Wine Sector Organisations. (2008). Retrieved August 10, 2010, from https://www. wineaustralia. com/australia/portals/2/pdf/wineorgflowchartNov2006. pdf Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation. (2008). Global Wine – Australia In Perspective. Retrieved August 7, 2010, from https://www. wineaustralia. com/australia/Portals/2/pdf/GlobalWineAustraliaInPer spective_CY_2008_updated. pdf CIA World Fact Book. (2010, August 19). Malaysia. Retrieved August 23, 2010 from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my. html Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australia/NZ ASEAN Free Trade Agreement Negotiations. Retrieved August 21, 2010 from https://www. dfat. gov. au/trade/fta/asean/index. html Royal Malaysian Customs Department. Retrieved August 21, 2010 from https://www. customs. gov. my/index. php/en USDA Foreign Agricultural Serv ice. (2009, May 1). Global Agriculture Information Network – Malaysia Retail Sector Report. Retrieved August 8, 2010 from https://www. calwinexport. com/files/Malaysia%20Retail%20Food%20Sector%202009. pdf Yarra Valley Wine Growers Association. (2010). Retrieved August 9, 2010 from https://www. wineyarravalley. com/wineries-main/w2/i1001873/ Wikipedia. 2010, July 17). Rose. Retrieved August 21, 2010 from https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ros%C3%A9 Aussie Wines Online Wines and Liquors. Retrieved August 20, 2010 from https://www. aussiewines. com. au/AustralianWines_OnLine. php? wines=Rose Ippolito,P. (2010, February). Wine Talk, February 2007 A Celebration of Rose Wines. Retrieved August 21, 2010 from https://www. femail. com. au/wine-talk-february07. htm Wine Industry Statistics. (2009) Wine Production. Retrieved August 22, 2010 from https://www. winebiz. com. au/statistics/wine_production. asp Silkwood Wines. (2010). Australian Wines. Retrieved August 22, 2010 from https://ww w. silkwoodwines. com. u/web/Australian-Wines/White-Wine/Rose-Wines/Sweet-Rose-Wine/ Melbourne Wine Region. (2007). Melbourne Yarra Valley. Retrieved August 22, 2010 from https://www. melbourne-wine-regions. com. au/melbourne-yarra-valley-wine-region. html AliBaba. (1999-2010) Rose wine Suppliers. Retrieved August 22, 2010 from https://www. alibaba. com/trade/search? SearchText=rose+wine=AU=2=product_en=y Yarrawood Estate Vineyard. (1996). Retrieved August 22, 2010 from https://www. yarrawood. com. au/rose. html Malaysian Exporting Companies Luen Heng F Sdn. Bhd. Wine Importing and Distribution Company Malaysia. Retrieved August 8, 2010 from https://www. luenheng. com/home. php Asia Euro Wines and Spirits Sdn. Bhd. Wine Importing and Distribution Company Malaysia. Retrieved August 8, 2010 from https://www. asiaeurowines. com. my/ourbrand. asp Casa Vino Sdn Bhd. Wine Distribution Company. Retrieved August 8, 2010 from https://www. casavino. com. my/wineries. asp Milawa Sdn Bhd. Wi ne Importing and Distribution Company Malaysia. Retrieved August 8, 2010 from https://www. milawa. com/f-main. html Nam Lee Cheong Sdn. Bhd. Wine Importing and Distribution Company Malaysia. Retrieved August 8, 2010 from https://www. namleecheong. com. my/company. php Wine Malaysia. Online Wine Wholesaler. Retrieved August 8, 2010 from https://www. winemalaysia. com/ Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Export of Wine to Malaysia" essay for you Create order

Basic html and javascript tutorial - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 39 Words: 11739 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? HTML Basic Document html head Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Basic html and javascript tutorial" essay for you Create order titleDocument name goes here/title /head body Visible text goes here /body /html Heading Elements h1Largest Heading/h1 h2 . . . /h2 h3 . . . /h3 h4 . . . /h4 h5 . . . /h5 h6Smallest Heading/h6 Text Elements pThis is a paragraph/p br (line break) hr (horizontal rule) preThis text is preformatted/pre Logical Styles emThis text is emphasized/em strongThis text is strong/strong codeThis is some computer code/code Physical Styles bThis text is bold/b iThis text is italic/i Links, Anchors, and Image Elements a href=https://www.example.com/This is a Link/a a href=https://www.example.com/img src=URL alt=Alternate Text/a a href=mailto:[emailprotected]/* */Send e-mail/a A named anchor: a name=tipsUseful Tips Section/a a href=#tipsJump to the Useful Tips Section/a Unordered list ul liFirst item/li liNext item/li /ul Ordered list ol liFirst item/li liNext item/li /ol Definition list dl dtFirst term/dt ddDefinition/dd dtNext term/dt ddDefinition/dd /dl Tables table border=1 tr thsomeheader/th thsomeheader/th /tr tr tdsometext/td tdsometext/td /tr /table Frames frameset cols=25%,75% frame src=page1.htm frame src=page2.htm /frameset Forms form action=https://www.example.com/test.asp method=post/get input type=text name=lastname value=Nixon size=30 maxlength=50 input type=password input type=checkbox checked=checked input type=radio checked=checked input type=submit input type=reset input type=hidden select optionApples option selectedBananas optionCherries /select textarea name=Comment rows=60 cols=20/textarea /form Entities lt; is the same as gt; is the same as #169; is the same as Other Elements ! This is a comment blockquote Text quoted from some source. /blockquote address Address 1br Address 2br Citybr /address Commonly Used Character Entities Note Entity names are case sensitive! Result Description Entity Name Entity Number non-breaking space nbsp; #160; less than lt; #60; greater than gt; #62; ampersand amp; #38; cent cent; #162; pound pound; #163; yen yen; #165; euro euro; #8364; section sect; #167; copyright copy; #169; registered trademark reg; #174; The Meta Element As we explained in the previous chapter, the head element contains general information (meta-information) about a document. HTML also includes a meta element that goes inside the head element. The purpose of the meta element is to provide meta-information about the document. Most often the meta element is used to provide information that is relevant to browsers or search engines like describing the content of your document. Keywords for Search Engines Some search engines on the WWW will use the name and content attributes of the meta tag to index your pages. This meta element defines a description of your page: meta name=description content=Free Web tutorials on HTML, CSS, XML, and XHTML This meta element defines keywords for your page: meta name=keywords content=HTML, DHTML, CSS, XML, XHTML, JavaScript, VBScript The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a page. However, since too many webmasters have used meta tags for spamming, like repeating keywords to give pages a higher ranking, some search engines have stopped using them entirely. Uniform Resource Locators Something called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the World Wide Web. A full Web address like this: https://www.w3schools.com/html/lastpage.htm follows these syntax rules: scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename The scheme is defining the type of Internet service. The most common type is http. The domain is defining the Internet domain name like w3schools.com. The host is defining the domain host. If omitted, the default host for http is www. The :port is defining the port number at the host. The port number is normally omitted. The default port number for http is 80. The path is defining a path (a sub directory) at the server. If the path is omitted, the resource (the document) must be located at the root directory of the Web site. The filename is defining the name of a document. The default filename might be default.asp, or index.html or something else depending on the settings of the Web server. URL Schemes Some examples of the most common schemes can be found below: Schemes Access file a file on your local PC ftp a file on an FTP server http a file on a World Wide Web Server gopher a file on a Gopher server news a Usenet newsgroup telnet a Telnet connection WAIS a file on a WAIS server Accessing a Newsgroup The following HTML code: a href=news:alt.htmlHTML Newsgroup/a creates a link to a newsgroup like this HTML Newsgroup Downloading with FTP The following HTML code: a href=ftp://www.w3schools.com/ftp/winzip.exeDownload WinZip/a creates a link to download a file like this: Download WinZip. (The link doesnt work. Dont try it. It is just an example. W3Schools doesnt really have an ftp directory.) Link to your Mail system The following HTML code: a href=mailto:[emailprotected]/* */[emailprotected]/* *//a creates a link to your own mail system like this: Insert a Script into HTML Page A script in HTML is defined with the script tag. Note that you will have to use the type attribute to specify the scripting language. html head /head body script type=text/javascript document.write(Hello World!) /script /body /html How to Handle Older Browsers A browser that does not recognize the script tag at all, will display the script tags content as text on the page. To prevent the browser from doing this, you should hide the script in comment tags. An old browser (that does not recognize the script tag) will ignore the comment and it will not write the tags content on the page, while a new browser will understand that the script should be executed, even if it is surrounded by comment tags. Example JavaScript: script type=text/javascript ! document.write(Hello World!) // /script VBScript: script type=text/vbscript ! document.write(Hello World!) /script New to HTML 4.0 is the ability to let HTML events trigger actions in the browser, like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an HTML element. Below is a list of attributes that can be inserted into HTML tags to define event actions. Window Events Only valid in body and frameset elements. Attribute Value Description onload script Script to be run when a document loads onunload script Script to be run when a document unloads Only valid in form elements. Attribute Value Description onchange script Script to be run when the element changes onsubmit script Script to be run when the form is submitted onreset script Script to be run when the form is reset onselect script Script to be run when the element is selected onblur script Script to be run when the element loses focus onfocus script Script to be run when the element gets focus Keyboard Events Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and title elements. Attribute Value Description onkeydown script What to do when key is pressed onkeypress script What to do when key is pressed and released onkeyup script What to do when key is released Mouse Events Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, title elements. Attribute Value Description onclick script What to do on a mouse click ondblclick script What to do on a mouse double-click onmousedown script What to do when mouse button is pressed onmousemove script What to do when mouse pointer moves onmouseout script What to do when mouse pointer moves out of an element onmouseover script What to do when mouse pointer moves over an element onmouseup script What to do when mouse button is released Your Windows PC as a Web Server If you want other people to view your pages, you must publish them. To publish your work, you must save your pages on a web server. Your own PC can act as a web server if you install IIS or PWS. IIS or PWS turns your computer into a web server. Microsoft IIS and PWS are free web server components. IIS Internet Information Server IIS is for Windows system like Windows 2000, XP, and Vista. It is also available for Windows NT. IIS is easy to install and ideal for developing and testing web applications. IIS includes Active Server Pages (ASP), a server-side scripting standard that can be used to create dynamic and interactive web applications. PWS Personal Web Server PWS is for older Windows system like Windows 95, 98, and NT. PWS is easy to install and can be used for developing and testing web applications including ASP. We dont recommend running PWS for anything else than training. It is outdated and have security issues. Windows Web Server Versions Windows Vista Professional comes with IIS 6. Windows Vista Home Edition does not support PWS or IIS. Windows XP Professional comes with IIS 5. Windows XP Home Edition does not support IIS or PWS. Windows 2000 Professional comes with IIS 4. Windows NT Professional comes with IIS 3 and also supports IIS 4. Windows NT Workstation supports PWS and IIS 3. Windows ME does not support PWS or IIS. Windows 98 comes with PWS. Windows 95 supports PWS. HTML Summary This tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site. HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can read and display. The key to HTML is the tags, which indicates what content is coming up. XHTML XHTML reformulates HTML 4.01 in XML. CSS CSS is used to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. With CSS, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a separate file. CSS gives you total control of the layout, without messing up the document content. JavaScript Tutorial What is JavaScript? JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages JavaScript is a scripting language A scripting language is a lightweight programming language JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation) Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license What can a JavaScript Do? JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small snippets of code into their HTML pages JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page A JavaScript statement like this: document.write(h1 + name + /h1) can write a variable text into an HTML page JavaScript can react to events A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element JavaScript can read and write HTML elements A JavaScript can read and change the content of an HTML element JavaScript can be used to validate data A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing JavaScript can be used to detect the visitors browser A JavaScript can be used to detect the visitors browser, and depending on the browser load another page specifically designed for that browser JavaScript can be used to create cookies A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve information on the visitors computer How to Put a JavaScript Into an HTML Page html body script type=text/javascript document.write(Hello World!); /script /body /html Where to Put the JavaScript JavaScripts in a page will be executed immediately while the page loads into the browser. This is not always what we want. Sometimes we want to execute a script when a page loads, other times when a user triggers an event. Scripts in the head section: Scripts to be executed when they are called, or when an event is triggered, go in the head section. When you place a script in the head section, you will ensure that the script is loaded before anyone uses it. html head script type=text/javascript . /script /head Scripts in the body section: Scripts to be executed when the page loads go in the body section. When you place a script in the body section it generates the content of the page. html head /head body script type=text/javascript . /script /body Scripts in both the body and the head section: You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, so you can have scripts in both the body and the head section. html head script type=text/javascript . /script /head body script type=text/javascript . /script /body Using an External JavaScript Sometimes you might want to run the same JavaScript on several pages, without having to write the same script on every page. To simplify this, you can write a JavaScript in an external file. Save the external JavaScript file with a .js file extension. Note: The external script cannot contain the script tag! To use the external script, point to the .js file in the src attribute of the script tag: html head script type=text/javascript src=xxx.js/script /head body /body /html JavaScript is Case Sensitive Unlike HTML, JavaScript is case sensitive therefore watch your capitalization closely when you write JavaScript statements, create or call variables, objects and functions. JavaScript Statements A JavaScript statement is a command to the browser. The purpose of the command is to tell the browser what to do. This JavaScript statement tells the browser to write Hello Dolly to the web page: document.write(Hello Dolly); It is normal to add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement. Most people think this is a good programming practice, and most often you will see this in JavaScript examples on the web. The semicolon is optional (according to the JavaScript standard), and the browser is supposed to interpret the end of the line as the end of the statement. Because of this you will often see examples without the semicolon at the end. Note: Using semicolons makes it possible to write multiple statements on one line. JavaScript Code JavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements. Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence they are written. This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page: script type=text/javascript document.write(h1This is a header/h1); document.write(pThis is a paragraph/p); document.write(pThis is another paragraph/p); JavaScript Blocks JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks. Blocks start with a left curly bracket {, and ends with a right curly bracket }. The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute together. This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page: script type=text/javascript { document.write(h1This is a header/h1); document.write(pThis is a paragraph/p); document.write(pThis is another paragraph/p); } /script JavaScript comments can be used to make the code more readable. JavaScript Comments Comments can be added to explain the JavaScript, or to make it more readable. Single line comments start with //. This example uses single line comments to explain the code: script type=text/javascript // This will write a header: document.write(h1This is a header/h1); // This will write two paragraphs: document.write(pThis is a paragraph/p); document.write(pThis is another paragraph/p); /script Using Comments to Prevent Execution In this example the comment is used to prevent the execution of a single code line: script type=text/javascript document.write(h1This is a header/h1); document.write(pThis is a paragraph/p); //document.write(pThis is another paragraph/p); /script In this example the comments is used to prevent the execution of multiple code lines: script type=text/javascript /* document.write(h1This is a header/h1); document.write(pThis is a paragraph/p); document.write(pThis is another paragraph/p); */ /script Using Comments at the End of a Line In this example the comment is placed at the end of a line: script type=text/javascript document.write(Hello); // This will write Hello document.write(Dolly); // This will write Dolly /script Variables are containers for storing information. Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as declaring variables. You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement: var x; var carname; After the declaration shown above, the variables are empty (they have no values yet). However, you can also assign values to the variables when you declare them: var x=5; var carname=Volvo; After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold the value Volvo. Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value. Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the variables will automatically be declared. These statements: x=5; carname=Volvo; have the same effect as: var x=5; var carname=Volvo; Redeclaring JavaScript Variables If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value. var x=5; var x; After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still have the value of 5. The value of x is not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it. Conditional Statements Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this. In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements: if statement use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is true ifelse statement use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is true and another code if the condition is false ifelse if.else statement use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed switch statement use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed script type=text/javascript //If the time is less than 10, //you will get a Good morning greeting. //Otherwise you will get a Good day greeting. var d = new Date(); var time = d.getHours(); if (time 10) { document.write(Good morning!); } else { document.write(Good day!); } /script The JavaScript Switch Statement You should use the switch statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed. Syntax switch(n) { case 1: execute code block 1 break; case 2: execute code block 2 break; default: code to be executed if n is different from case 1 and 2 } script type=text/javascript //You will receive a different greeting based //on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0, //Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc. var d=new Date(); theDay=d.getDay(); switch (theDay) { case 5: document.write(Finally Friday); break; case 6: document.write(Super Saturday); break; case 0: document.write(Sleepy Sunday); break; default: document.write(Im looking forward to this weekend!); } /script JavaScript Popup Boxes Alert Box An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through to the user. When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click OK to proceed. Syntax: alert(sometext); Confirm Box A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something. When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either OK or Cancel to proceed. If the user clicks OK, the box returns true. If the user clicks Cancel, the box returns false. Syntax: confirm(sometext); Prompt Box A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a page. When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either OK or Cancel to proceed after entering an input value. If the user clicks OK the box returns the input value. If the user clicks Cancel the box returns null. Syntax: prompt(sometext,defaultvalue); JavaScript Functions JavaScript Functions To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put your script into a function. A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to that function. You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even from other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file). Functions can be defined both in the head and in the body section of a document. However, to assure that the function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put it in the head section. How to Define a Function The syntax for creating a function is: function functionname(var1,var2,,varX) { some code } The return Statement The return statement is used to specify the value that is returned from the function. So, functions that are going to return a value must use the return statement. Example The function below should return the product of two numbers (a and b): function prod(a,b) { x=a*b; return x; } html head script type=text/javascript function displaymessage() { alert(Hello World!); } /script /head body form input type=button value=Click me! onclick=displaymessage() /form /body /html JavaScript Loops Very often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script we can use loops to perform a task like this. In JavaScript there are two different kind of loops: for loops through a block of code a specified number of times while loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true The for Loop The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run. Syntax for (var=startvalue;var=endvalue;var=var+increment) { code to be executed } Example Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs. Note: The increment parameter could also be negative, and the = could be any comparing statement. html body script type=text/javascript var i=0; for (i=0;i=10;i++) { document.write(The number is + i); document.write(br /); } /script /body /html The while loop The while loop is used when you want the loop to execute and continue executing while the specified condition is true. while (var=endvalue) { code to be executed } Note: The = could be any comparing statement. Example Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs. html body script type=text/javascript var i=0; while (i=10) { document.write(The number is + i); document.write(br /); i=i+1; } /script /body /html The dowhile Loop The dowhile loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will always execute a block of code ONCE, and then it will repeat the loop as long as the specified condition is true. This loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the code is executed before the condition is tested. do { code to be executed } while (var=endvalue); Example html body script type=text/javascript var i=0; do { document.write(The number is + i); document.write(br /); i=i+1; } while (i0); /script /body /html JavaScript break and continue Statements There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: break and continue. Break The break command will break the loop and continue executing the code that follows after the loop (if any). Example html body script type=text/javascript var i=0; for (i=0;i=10;i++) { if (i==3) { break; } document.write(The number is + i); document.write(br /); } /script /body /html Continue The continue command will break the current loop and continue with the next value. Example html body script type=text/javascript var i=0 for (i=0;i=10;i++) { if (i==3) { continue; } document.write(The number is + i); document.write(br /); } /script /body /html JavaScript ForIn Statement The forin statement is used to loop (iterate) through the elements of an array or through the properties of an object. The code in the body of the for in loop is executed once for each element/property. Syntax for (variable in object) { code to be executed } The variable argument can be a named variable, an array element, or a property of an object. Example Using forin to loop through an array: html body script type=text/javascript var x; var mycars = new Array(); mycars[0] = Saab; mycars[1] = Volvo; mycars[2] = BMW; for (x in mycars) { document.write(mycars[x] + br /); } /script /body /html Events By using JavaScript, we have the ability to create dynamic web pages. Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript. Every element on a web page has certain events which can trigger JavaScript functions. For example, we can use the onClick event of a button element to indicate that a function will run when a user clicks on the button. We define the events in the HTML tags. Examples of events: A mouse click A web page or an image loading Mousing over a hot spot on the web page Selecting an input box in an HTML form Submitting an HTML form A keystroke Note: Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the function will not be executed before the event occurs! onload and onUnload The onload and onUnload events are triggered when the user enters or leaves the page. The onload event is often used to check the visitors browser type and browser version, and load the proper version of the web page based on the information. Both the onload and onUnload events are also often used to deal with cookies that should be set when a user enters or leaves a page. For example, you could have a popup asking for the users name upon his first arrival to your page. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, you could have another popup saying something like: Welcome John Doe!. onFocus, onBlur and onChange The onFocus, onBlur and onChange events are often used in combination with validation of form fields. Below is an example of how to use the onChange event. The checkEmail() function will be called whenever the user changes the content of the field: input type=text size=30 id=email onchange=checkEmail() onSubmit The onSubmit event is used to validate ALL form fields before submitting it. Below is an example of how to use the onSubmit event. The checkForm() function will be called when the user clicks the submit button in the form. If the field values are not accepted, the submit should be cancelled. The function checkForm() returns either true or false. If it returns true the form will be submitted, otherwise the submit will be cancelled: form method=post action=xxx.htm onsubmit=return checkForm() onMouseOver and onMouseOut onMouseOver and onMouseOut are often used to create animated buttons. Below is an example of an onMouseOver event. An alert box appears when an onMouseOver event is detected: a href=https://www.w3schools.com onmouseover=alert(An onMouseOver event);return false img src=w3schools.gif width=100 height=30 /a JavaScript TryCatch Statement JavaScript Catching Errors When browsing Web pages on the internet, we all have seen a JavaScript alert box telling us there is a runtime error and asking Do you wish to debug?. Error message like this may be useful for developers but not for users. When users see errors, they often leave the Web page. This chapter will teach you how to trap and handle JavaScript error messages, so you dont lose your audience. There are two ways of catching errors in a Web page: By using the trycatch statement (available in IE5+, Mozilla 1.0, and Netscape 6) By using the onerror event. This is the old standard solution to catch errors (available since Netscape 3) TryCatch Statement The trycatch statement allows you to test a block of code for errors. The try block contains the code to be run, and the catch block contains the code to be executed if an error occurs. Syntax try { //Run some code here } catch(err) { //Handle errors here } Note that trycatch is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters will generate a JavaScript error! Example 1 The example below contains a script that is supposed to display the message Welcome guest! when you click on a button. However, theres a typo in the message() function. alert() is misspelled as adddlert(). A JavaScript error occurs: html head script type=text/javascript function message() { adddlert(Welcome guest!); } /script /head body input type=button value=View message onclick=message() / /body /html To take more appropriate action when an error occurs, you can add a trycatch statement. The example below contains the Welcome guest! example rewritten to use the trycatch statement. Since alert() is misspelled, a JavaScript error occurs. However, this time, the catch block catches the error and executes a custom code to handle it. The code displays a custom error message informing the user what happened: html head script type=text/javascript var txt= function message() { try { adddlert(Welcome guest!); } catch(err) { txt=There was an error on this page.nn; txt+=Error description: + err.description + nn; txt+=Click OK to continue.nn; alert(txt); } } /script /head body input type=button value=View message onclick=message() / /body /html Example 2 The next example uses a confirm box to display a custom message telling users they can click OK to continue viewing the page or click Cancel to go to the homepage. If the confirm method returns false, the user clicked Cancel, and the code redirects the user. If the confirm method returns true, the code does nothing: html head script type=text/javascript var txt= function message() { try { adddlert(Welcome guest!); } catch(err) { txt=There was an error on this page.nn; txt+=Click OK to continue viewing this page,n; txt+=or Cancel to return to the home page.nn; if(!confirm(txt)) { document.location.href=https://www.w3schools.com/; } } } /script /head body input type=button value=View message onclick=message() / /body /html The onerror Event The onerror event will be explained soon, but first you will learn how to use the throw statement to create an exception. The throw statement can be used together with the trycatch statement. JavaScript Throw Statement The throw statement allows you to create an exception. The Throw Statement The throw statement allows you to create an exception. If you use this statement together with the trycatch statement, you can control program flow and generate accurate error messages. Syntax throw(exception) The exception can be a string, integer, Boolean or an object. Note that throw is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters will generate a JavaScript error! Example 1 The example below determines the value of a variable called x. If the value of x is higher than 10 or lower than 0 we are going to throw an error. The error is then caught by the catch argument and the proper error message is displayed: html body script type=text/javascript var x=prompt(Enter a number between 0 and 10:,); try { if(x10) throw Err1; else if(x0) throw Err2; } catch(er) { if(er==Err1) alert(Error! The value is too high); if(er == Err2) alert(Error! The value is too low); } /script /body /html The onerror Event We have just explained how to use the trycatch statement to catch errors in a web page. Now we are going to explain how to use the onerror event for the same purpose. The onerror event is fired whenever there is a script error in the page. To use the onerror event, you must create a function to handle the errors. Then you call the function with the onerror event handler. The event handler is called with three arguments: msg (error message), url (the url of the page that caused the error) and line (the line where the error occurred). Syntax onerror=handleErr function handleErr(msg,url,l) { //Handle the error here return true or false } The value returned by onerror determines whether the browser displays a standard error message. If you return false, the browser displays the standard error message in the JavaScript console. If you return true, the browser does not display the standard error message. Example The following example shows how to catch the error with the onerror event: html head script type=text/javascript onerror=handleErr; var txt=; function handleErr(msg,url,l) { txt=There was an error on this page.nn; txt+=Error: + msg + n; txt+=URL: + url + n; txt+=Line: + l + nn; txt+=Click OK to continue.nn; alert(txt); return true; } function message() { adddlert(Welcome guest!); } /script /head body input type=button value=View message onclick=message() / /body /html JavaScript Special Characters In JavaScript you can add special characters to a text string by using the backslash sign. Insert Special Characters The backslash () is used to insert apostrophes, new lines, quotes, and other special characters into a text string. Look at the following JavaScript code: var txt=We are the so-called Vikings from the north.; document.write(txt); In JavaScript, a string is started and stopped with either single or double quotes. This means that the string above will be chopped to: We are the so-called To solve this problem, you must place a backslash () before each double quote in Viking. This turns each double quote into a string literal: var txt=We are the so-called Vikings from the north.; document.write(txt); JavaScript will now output the proper text string: We are the so-called Vikings from the north. Here is another example: document.write (You I are singing!); The example above will produce the following output: You I are singing! The table below lists other special characters that can be added to a text string with the backslash sign: Code Outputs single quote double quote ampersand backslash n new line r carriage return t tab b backspace f form feed JavaScript Objects Introduction JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. An OOP language allows you to define your own objects and make your own variable types. Object Oriented Programming JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. An OOP language allows you to define your own objects and make your own variable types. However, creating your own objects will be explained later, in the Advanced JavaScript section. We will start by looking at the built-in JavaScript objects, and how they are used. The next pages will explain each built-in JavaScript object in detail. Note that an object is just a special kind of data. An object has properties and methods. Properties Properties are the values associated with an object. In the following example we are using the length property of the String object to return the number of characters in a string: script type=text/javascript var txt=Hello World!; document.write(txt.length); /script Methods Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects. In the following example we are using the toUpperCase() method of the String object to display a text in uppercase letters: script type=text/javascript var str=Hello world!; document.write(str.toUpperCase()); /script String object The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of text. Examples of use: The following example uses the length property of the String object to find the length of a string: var txt=Hello world!; document.write(txt.length); The code above will result in the following output: 12 The following example uses the toUpperCase() method of the String object to convert a string to uppercase letters: var txt=Hello world!; document.write(txt.toUpperCase()); Create a Date Object The Date object is used to work with dates and times. The following code create a Date object called myDate: var myDate=new Date() Note: The Date object will automatically hold the current date and time as its initial value! Set Dates We can easily manipulate the date by using the methods available for the Date object. In the example below we set a Date object to a specific date (14th January 2010): var myDate=new Date(); myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14); And in the following example we set a Date object to be 5 days into the future: var myDate=new Date(); myDate.setDate(myDate.getDate()+5); Note: If adding five days to a date shifts the month or year, the changes are handled automatically by the Date object itself! Compare Two Dates The Date object is also used to compare two dates. The following example compares todays date with the 14th January 2010: var myDate=new Date(); myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14); var today = new Date(); if (myDatetoday) { alert(Today is before 14th January 2010); } else { alert(Today is after 14th January 2010); } Create an Array The following code creates an Array object called myCars: var myCars=new Array(); There are two ways of adding values to an array (you can add as many values as you need to define as many variables you require). 1: var myCars=new Array(); myCars[0]=Saab; myCars[1]=Volvo; myCars[2]=BMW; You could also pass an integer argument to control the arrays size: var myCars=new Array(3); myCars[0]=Saab; myCars[1]=Volvo; myCars[2]=BMW; 2: var myCars=new Array(Saab,Volvo,BMW); Note: If you specify numbers or true/false values inside the array then the type of variables will be numeric or Boolean instead of string. Access an Array You can refer to a particular element in an array by referring to the name of the array and the index number. The index number starts at 0. The following code line: document.write(myCars[0]); will result in the following output: Saab Modify Values in an Array To modify a value in an existing array, just add a new value to the array with a specified index number: myCars[0]=Opel; Now, the following code line: document.write(myCars[0]); Create a Boolean Object The Boolean object represents two values: true or false. The following code creates a Boolean object called myBoolean: var myBoolean=new Boolean(); Note: If the Boolean object has no initial value or if it is 0, -0, null, , false, undefined, or NaN, the object is set to false. Otherwise it is true (even with the string false)! All the following lines of code create Boolean objects with an initial value of false: var myBoolean=new Boolean(); var myBoolean=new Boolean(0); var myBoolean=new Boolean(null); var myBoolean=new Boolean(); var myBoolean=new Boolean(false); var myBoolean=new Boolean(NaN); And all the following lines of code create Boolean objects with an initial value of true: var myBoolean=new Boolean(true); var myBoolean=new Boolean(true); var myBoolean=new Boolean(false); var myBoolean=new Boolean(Richard); Math Object The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks. The Math object includes several mathematical constants and methods. Syntax for using properties/methods of Math: var pi_value=Math.PI; var sqrt_value=Math.sqrt(16); Note: Math is not a constructor. All properties and methods of Math can be called by using Math as an object without creating it. Mathematical Constants JavaScript provides eight mathematical constants that can be accessed from the Math object. These are: E, PI, square root of 2, square root of 1/2, natural log of 2, natural log of 10, base-2 log of E, and base-10 log of E. You may reference these constants from your JavaScript like this: Math.E Math.PI Math.SQRT2 Math.SQRT1_2 Math.LN2 Math.LN10 Math.LOG2E Math.LOG10E Mathematical Methods In addition to the mathematical constants that can be accessed from the Math object there are also several methods available. The following example uses the round() method of the Math object to round a number to the nearest integer: document.write(Math.round(4.7)); The code above will result in the following output: 5 The following example uses the random() method of the Math object to return a random number between 0 and 1: document.write(Math.random()); The code above can result in the following output: 0.9742574926181294 The following example uses the floor() and random() methods of the Math object to return a random number between 0 and 10: document.write(Math.floor(Math.random()*11)); More JavaScript Objects Follow the links to learn more about the objects and their collections, properties, methods and events. Object Description Window The top level object in the JavaScript hierarchy. The Window object represents a browser window. A Window object is created automatically with every instance of a body or frameset tag Navigator Contains information about the clients browser Screen Contains information about the clients display screen History Contains the visited URLs in the browser window Location Contains information about the current URL The Navigator Object The JavaScript Navigator object contains all information about the visitors browser. We are going to look at two properties of the Navigator object: appName holds the name of the browser appVersion holds, among other things, the version of the browser Example html body script type=text/javascript var browser=navigator.appName; var b_version=navigator.appVersion; var version=parseFloat(b_version); document.write(Browser name: + browser); document.write(br /); document.write(Browser version: + version); /script /body /html The script below displays a different alert, depending on the visitors browser: html head script type=text/javascript function detectBrowser() { var browser=navigator.appName; var b_version=navigator.appVersion; var version=parseFloat(b_version); if ((browser==Netscape||browser==Microsoft Internet Explorer) (version=4)) { alert(Your browser is good enough!); } else { alert(Its time to upgrade your browser!); } } /script /head body onload=detectBrowser() /body /html JavaScript Cookies A cookie is often used to identify a user. What is a Cookie? A cookie is a variable that is stored on the visitors computer. Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too. With JavaScript, you can both create and retrieve cookie values. Examples of cookies: Name cookie The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, he or she must fill in her/his name. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, he or she could get a welcome message like Welcome John Doe! The name is retrieved from the stored cookie Password cookie The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, he or she must fill in a password. The password is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, the password is retrieved from the cookie Date cookie The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, the current date is stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, he or she could get a message like Your last visit was on Tuesday August 11, 2005! The date is retrieved from the stored cookie Create and Store a Cookie In this example we will create a cookie that stores the name of a visitor. The first time a visitor arrives to the web page, he or she will be asked to fill in her/his name. The name is then stored in a cookie. The next time the visitor arrives at the same page, he or she will get welcome message. First, we create a function that stores the name of the visitor in a cookie variable: function setCookie(c_name,value,expiredays) { var exdate=new Date(); exdate.setDate(exdate.getDate()+expiredays); document.cookie=c_name+ = +escape(value)+ ((expiredays==null) ? : ;expires=+exdate.toGMTString()); } The parameters of the function above hold the name of the cookie, the value of the cookie, and the number of days until the cookie expires. In the function above we first convert the number of days to a valid date, then we add the number of days until the cookie should expire. After that we store the cookie name, cookie value and the expiration date in the document.cookie object. Then, we create another function that checks if the cookie has been set: function getCookie(c_name) { if (document.cookie.length0) { c_start=document.cookie.indexOf(c_name + =); if (c_start!=-1) { c_start=c_start + c_name.length+1; c_end=document.cookie.indexOf(;,c_start); if (c_end==-1) c_end=document.cookie.length; return unescape(document.cookie.substring(c_start,c_end)); } } return ; } The function above first checks if a cookie is stored at all in the document.cookie object. If the document.cookie object holds some cookies, then check to see if our specific cookie is stored. If our cookie is found, then return the value, if not return an empty string. Last, we create the function that displays a welcome message if the cookie is set, and if the cookie is not set it will display a prompt box, asking for the name of the user: function checkCookie() { username=getCookie(username); if (username!=null username!=) { alert(Welcome again +username+!); } else { username=prompt(Please enter your name:,); if (username!=null username!=) { setCookie(username,username,365); } } } All together now: html head script type=text/javascript function getCookie(c_name) { if (document.cookie.length0) { c_start=document.cookie.indexOf(c_name + =); if (c_start!=-1) { c_start=c_start + c_name.length+1; c_end=document.cookie.indexOf(;,c_start); if (c_end==-1) c_end=document.cookie.length; return unescape(document.cookie.substring(c_start,c_end)); } } return ; } function setCookie(c_name,value,expiredays) { var exdate=new Date(); exdate.setDate(exdate.getDate()+expiredays); document.cookie=c_name+ = +escape(value)+ ((expiredays==null) ? : ;expires=+exdate.toGMTString()); } function checkCookie() { username=getCookie(username); if (username!=null username!=) { alert(Welcome again +username+!); } else { username=prompt(Please enter your name:,); if (username!=null username!=) { setCookie(username,username,365); } } } /script /head body onLoad=checkCookie() /body /html JavaScript Form Validation JavaScript can be used to validate input data in HTML forms before sending off the content to a server. JavaScript Form Validation JavaScript can be used to validate input data in HTML forms before sending off the content to a server. Form data that typically are checked by a JavaScript could be: has the user left required fields empty? has the user entered a valid e-mail address? has the user entered a valid date? has the user entered text in a numeric field? Required Fields The function below checks if a required field has been left empty. If the required field is blank, an alert box alerts a message and the function returns false. If a value is entered, the function returns true (means that data is OK): function validate_required(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { if (value==null||value==) { alert(alerttxt);return false; } else { return true; } } } The entire script, with the HTML form could look something like this: html head script type=text/javascript function validate_required(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { if (value==null||value==) {alert(alerttxt);return false;} else {return true} } } function validate_form(thisform) { with (thisform) { if (validate_required(email,Email must be filled out!)==false) {email.focus();return false;} } } /script /head body form action=submitpage.htm onsubmit=return validate_form(this) method=post Email: input type=text name=email size=30 input type=submit value=Submit /form /body /html E-mail Validation The function below checks if the content has the general syntax of an email. This means that the input data must contain at least an @ sign and a dot (.). Also, the @ must not be the first character of the email address, and the last dot must at least be one character after the @ sign: function validate_email(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { apos=value.indexOf(@); dotpos=value.lastIndexOf(.); if (apos1||dotpos-apos2) {alert(alerttxt);return false;} else {return true;} } } The entire script, with the HTML form could look something like this: html head script type=text/javascript function validate_email(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { apos=value.indexOf(@); dotpos=value.lastIndexOf(.); if (apos1||dotpos-apos2) {alert(alerttxt);return false;} else {return true;} } } function validate_form(thisform) { with (thisform) { if (validate_email(email,Not a valid e-mail address!)==false) {email.focus();return false;} } } /script /head body form action=submitpage.htm onsubmit=return validate_form(this); method=post Email: input type=text name=email size=30 input type=submit value=Submit /form /body /html The entire script, with the HTML form could look something like this: html head script type=text/javascript function validate_email(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { apos=value.indexOf(@); dotpos=value.lastIndexOf(.); if (apos1||dotpos-apos2) {alert(alerttxt);return false;} else {return true;} } } function validate_form(thisform) { with (thisform) { if (validate_email(email,Not a valid e-mail address!)==false) {email.focus();return false;} } } /script /head body form action=submitpage.htm onsubmit=return validate_form(this); method=post Email: input type=text name=email size=30 input type=submit value=Submit /form /body /html JavaScript Animation With JavaScript we can create animated images. JavaScript Animation It is possible to use JavaScript to create animated images. The trick is to let a JavaScript change between different images on different events. In the following example we will add an image that should act as a link button on a web page. We will then add an onMouseOver event and an onMouseOut event that will run two JavaScript functions that will change between the images. The HTML Code The HTML code looks like this: a href=https://www.w3schools.com target=_blank img border=0 alt=Visit W3Schools! src=b_pink.gif name=b1 onmouseOver=mouseOver() onmouseOut=mouseOut() / /a Note that we have given the image a name to make it possible for JavaScript to address it later. The onMouseOver event tells the browser that once a mouse is rolled over the image, the browser should execute a function that will replace the image with another image. The onMouseOut event tells the browser that once a mouse is rolled away from the image, another JavaScript function should be executed. This function will insert the original image again. The JavaScript Code The changing between the images is done with the following JavaScript: script type=text/javascript function mouseOver() { document.b1.src =b_blue.gif; } function mouseOut() { document.b1.src =b_pink.gif; } /script The function mouseOver() causes the image to shift to b_blue.gif. The function mouseOut() causes the image to shift to b_pink.gif. The Entire Code html head script type=text/javascript function mouseOver() { document.b1.src =b_blue.gif; } function mouseOut() { document.b1.src =b_pink.gif; } /script /head body a href=https://www.w3schools.com target=_blank img border=0 alt=Visit W3Schools! src=b_pink.gif name=b1 onmouseOver=mouseOver() onmouseOut=mouseOut() / /a /body /html HTML Image Maps From our HTML tutorial we have learned that an image-map is an image with clickable regions. Normally, each region has an associated hyperlink. Clicking on one of the regions takes you to the associated link. Example The example below demonstrates how to create an HTML image map, with clickable regions. Each of the regions is a hyperlink: img src =planets.gif width =145 height =126 alt=Planets usemap =#planetmap / map id =planetmap name=planetmap area shape =rect coords =0,0,82,126 href =sun.htm target =_blank alt=Sun / area shape =circle coords =90,58,3 href =mercur.htm target =_blank alt=Mercury / area shape =circle coords =124,58,8 href =venus.htm target =_blank alt=Venus / /map Adding some JavaScript We can add events (that can call a JavaScript) to the area tags inside the image map. The area tag supports the onClick, onDblClick, onMouseDown, onMouseUp, onMouseOver, onMouseMove, onMouseOut, onKeyPress, onKeyDown, onKeyUp, onFocus, and onBlur events. Heres the above example, with some JavaScript added: html head script type=text/javascript function writeText(txt) { document.getElementById(desc).innerHTML=txt; } /script /head body img src=planets.gif width=145 height=126 alt=Planets usemap=#planetmap / map id =planetmap name=planetmap area shape =rect coords =0,0,82,126 onMouseOver=writeText(The Sun and the gas giant planets like Jupiter are by far the largest objects in our Solar System.) href =sun.htm target =_blank alt=Sun / area shape =circle coords =90,58,3 onMouseOver=writeText(The planet Mercury is very difficult to study from the Earth because it is always so close to the Sun.) href =mercur.htm target =_blank alt=Mercury / area shape =circle coords =124,58,8 onMouseOver=writeText(Until the 1960s, Venus was often considered a twin sister to the Earth because Venus is the nearest planet to us, and because the two planets seem to share many characteristics.) href =venus.htm target =_blank alt=Venus / /map p id=desc/p /body /html JavaScript Timing Events With JavaScript, it is possible to execute some code NOT immediately after a function is called, but after a specified time interval. This is called timing events. JavaScript Timing Events With JavaScript, it is possible to execute some code NOT immediately after a function is called, but after a specified time interval. This is called timing events. Its very easy to time events in JavaScript. The two key methods that are used are: setTimeout() executes a code some time in the future clearTimeout() cancels the setTimeout() Note: The setTimeout() and clearTimeout() are both methods of the HTML DOM Window object. setTimeout() Syntax var t=setTimeout(javascript statement,milliseconds); The setTimeout() method returns a value In the statement above, the value is stored in a variable called t. If you want to cancel this setTimeout(), you can refer to it using the variable name. The first parameter of setTimeout() is a string that contains a JavaScript statement. This statement could be a statement like alert(5 seconds!) or a call to a function, like alertMsg(). The second parameter indicates how many milliseconds from now you want to execute the first parameter. Note: There are 1000 milliseconds in one second. Example When the button is clicked in the example below, an alert box will be displayed after 5 seconds. html head script type=text/javascript function timedMsg() { var t=setTimeout(alert(5 seconds!),5000); } /script /head body form input type=button value=Display timed alertbox! onClick=timedMsg() /form /body /html Example Infinite Loop To get a timer to work in an infinite loop, we must write a function that calls itself. In the example below, when the button is clicked, the input field will start to count (for ever), starting at 0: html head script type=text/javascript var c=0 var t function timedCount() { document.getElementById(txt).value=c; c=c+1; t=setTimeout(timedCount(),1000); } /script /head body form input type=button value=Start count! onClick=timedCount() input type=text id=txt /form /body /html clearTimeout() Syntax clearTimeout(setTimeout_variable) Example The example below is the same as the Infinite Loop example above. The only difference is that we have now added a Stop Count! button that stops the timer: html head script type=text/javascript var c=0 var t function timedCount() { document.getElementById(txt).value=c; c=c+1; t=setTimeout(timedCount(),1000); } function stopCount() { clearTimeout(t); } /script /head body form input type=button value=Start count! onClick=timedCount() input type=text id=txt input type=button value=Stop count! onClick=stopCount() /form /body /html Create Your Own Objects Objects are useful to organize information. JavaScript Objects Earlier in this tutorial we have seen that JavaScript has several built-in objects, like String, Date, Array, and more. In addition to these built-in objects, you can also create your own. An object is just a special kind of data, with a collection of properties and methods. Lets illustrate with an example: A person is an object. Properties are the values associated with the object. The persons properties include name, height, weight, age, skin tone, eye color, etc. All persons have these properties, but the values of those properties will differ from person to person. Objects also have methods. Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects. The persons methods could be eat(), sleep(), work(), play(), etc. Properties The syntax for accessing a property of an object is: objName.propName You can add properties to an object by simply giving it a value. Assume that the personObj already exists you can give it properties named firstname, lastname, age, and eyecolor as follows: personObj.firstname=John; personObj.lastname=Doe; personObj.age=30; personObj.eyecolor=blue; document.write(personObj.firstname); The code above will generate the following output: John Methods An object can also contain methods. You can call a method with the following syntax: objName.methodName() Note: Parameters required for the method can be passed between the parentheses. To call a method called sleep() for the personObj: personObj.sleep(); Creating Your Own Objects There are different ways to create a new object: 1. Create a direct instance of an object The following code creates an instance of an object and adds four properties to it: personObj=new Object(); personObj.firstname=John; personObj.lastname=Doe; personObj.age=50; personObj.eyecolor=blue; Adding a method to the personObj is also simple. The following code adds a method called eat() to the personObj: personObj.eat=eat; 2. Create a template of an object The template defines the structure of an object: function person(firstname,lastname,age,eyecolor) { this.firstname=firstname; this.lastname=lastname; this.age=age; this.eyecolor=eyecolor; } Notice that the template is just a function. Inside the function you need to assign things to this.propertyName. The reason for all the this stuff is that youre going to have more than one person at a time (which person youre dealing with must be clear). Thats what this is: the instance of the object at hand. Once you have the template, you can create new instances of the object, like this: myFather=new person(John,Doe,50,blue); myMother=new person(Sally,Rally,48,green); You can also add some methods to the person object. This is also done inside the template: function person(firstname,lastname,age,eyecolor) { this.firstname=firstname; this.lastname=lastname; this.age=age; this.eyecolor=eyecolor; this.newlastname=newlastname; } Note that methods are just functions attached to objects. Then we will have to write the newlastname() function: function newlastname(new_lastname) { this.lastname=new_lastname; } The newlastname() function defines the persons new last name and assigns that to the person. JavaScript knows which person youre talking about by using this.. So, now you can write: myMother.newlastname(Doe). JavaScript Summary This tutorial has taught you how to add JavaScript to your HTML pages, to make your web site more dynamic and interactive. You have learned how to create responses to events, validate forms and how to make different scripts run in response to different scenarios. You have also learned how to create and use objects, and how to use JavaScripts built-in objects.