Basic html and javascript tutorial - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 39 Words: 11739 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? HTML Basic Document html head Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Basic html and javascript tutorial" essay for you Create order titleDocument name goes here/title /head body Visible text goes here /body /html Heading Elements h1Largest Heading/h1 h2 . . . /h2 h3 . . . /h3 h4 . . . /h4 h5 . . . /h5 h6Smallest Heading/h6 Text Elements pThis is a paragraph/p br (line break) hr (horizontal rule) preThis text is preformatted/pre Logical Styles emThis text is emphasized/em strongThis text is strong/strong codeThis is some computer code/code Physical Styles bThis text is bold/b iThis text is italic/i Links, Anchors, and Image Elements a href=https://www.example.com/This is a Link/a a href=https://www.example.com/img src=URL alt=Alternate Text/a a href=mailto:[emailprotected]/* */Send e-mail/a A named anchor: a name=tipsUseful Tips Section/a a href=#tipsJump to the Useful Tips Section/a Unordered list ul liFirst item/li liNext item/li /ul Ordered list ol liFirst item/li liNext item/li /ol Definition list dl dtFirst term/dt ddDefinition/dd dtNext term/dt ddDefinition/dd /dl Tables table border=1 tr thsomeheader/th thsomeheader/th /tr tr tdsometext/td tdsometext/td /tr /table Frames frameset cols=25%,75% frame src=page1.htm frame src=page2.htm /frameset Forms form action=https://www.example.com/test.asp method=post/get input type=text name=lastname value=Nixon size=30 maxlength=50 input type=password input type=checkbox checked=checked input type=radio checked=checked input type=submit input type=reset input type=hidden select optionApples option selectedBananas optionCherries /select textarea name=Comment rows=60 cols=20/textarea /form Entities lt; is the same as gt; is the same as #169; is the same as Other Elements ! This is a comment blockquote Text quoted from some source. /blockquote address Address 1br Address 2br Citybr /address Commonly Used Character Entities Note Entity names are case sensitive! Result Description Entity Name Entity Number non-breaking space nbsp; #160; less than lt; #60; greater than gt; #62; ampersand amp; #38; cent cent; #162; pound pound; #163; yen yen; #165; euro euro; #8364; section sect; #167; copyright copy; #169; registered trademark reg; #174; The Meta Element As we explained in the previous chapter, the head element contains general information (meta-information) about a document. HTML also includes a meta element that goes inside the head element. The purpose of the meta element is to provide meta-information about the document. Most often the meta element is used to provide information that is relevant to browsers or search engines like describing the content of your document. Keywords for Search Engines Some search engines on the WWW will use the name and content attributes of the meta tag to index your pages. This meta element defines a description of your page: meta name=description content=Free Web tutorials on HTML, CSS, XML, and XHTML This meta element defines keywords for your page: meta name=keywords content=HTML, DHTML, CSS, XML, XHTML, JavaScript, VBScript The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a page. However, since too many webmasters have used meta tags for spamming, like repeating keywords to give pages a higher ranking, some search engines have stopped using them entirely. Uniform Resource Locators Something called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the World Wide Web. A full Web address like this: https://www.w3schools.com/html/lastpage.htm follows these syntax rules: scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename The scheme is defining the type of Internet service. The most common type is http. The domain is defining the Internet domain name like w3schools.com. The host is defining the domain host. If omitted, the default host for http is www. The :port is defining the port number at the host. The port number is normally omitted. The default port number for http is 80. The path is defining a path (a sub directory) at the server. If the path is omitted, the resource (the document) must be located at the root directory of the Web site. The filename is defining the name of a document. The default filename might be default.asp, or index.html or something else depending on the settings of the Web server. URL Schemes Some examples of the most common schemes can be found below: Schemes Access file a file on your local PC ftp a file on an FTP server http a file on a World Wide Web Server gopher a file on a Gopher server news a Usenet newsgroup telnet a Telnet connection WAIS a file on a WAIS server Accessing a Newsgroup The following HTML code: a href=news:alt.htmlHTML Newsgroup/a creates a link to a newsgroup like this HTML Newsgroup Downloading with FTP The following HTML code: a href=ftp://www.w3schools.com/ftp/winzip.exeDownload WinZip/a creates a link to download a file like this: Download WinZip. (The link doesnt work. Dont try it. It is just an example. W3Schools doesnt really have an ftp directory.) Link to your Mail system The following HTML code: a href=mailto:[emailprotected]/* */[emailprotected]/* *//a creates a link to your own mail system like this: Insert a Script into HTML Page A script in HTML is defined with the script tag. Note that you will have to use the type attribute to specify the scripting language. html head /head body script type=text/javascript document.write(Hello World!) /script /body /html How to Handle Older Browsers A browser that does not recognize the script tag at all, will display the script tags content as text on the page. To prevent the browser from doing this, you should hide the script in comment tags. An old browser (that does not recognize the script tag) will ignore the comment and it will not write the tags content on the page, while a new browser will understand that the script should be executed, even if it is surrounded by comment tags. Example JavaScript: script type=text/javascript ! document.write(Hello World!) // /script VBScript: script type=text/vbscript ! document.write(Hello World!) /script New to HTML 4.0 is the ability to let HTML events trigger actions in the browser, like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an HTML element. Below is a list of attributes that can be inserted into HTML tags to define event actions. Window Events Only valid in body and frameset elements. Attribute Value Description onload script Script to be run when a document loads onunload script Script to be run when a document unloads Only valid in form elements. Attribute Value Description onchange script Script to be run when the element changes onsubmit script Script to be run when the form is submitted onreset script Script to be run when the form is reset onselect script Script to be run when the element is selected onblur script Script to be run when the element loses focus onfocus script Script to be run when the element gets focus Keyboard Events Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and title elements. Attribute Value Description onkeydown script What to do when key is pressed onkeypress script What to do when key is pressed and released onkeyup script What to do when key is released Mouse Events Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, title elements. Attribute Value Description onclick script What to do on a mouse click ondblclick script What to do on a mouse double-click onmousedown script What to do when mouse button is pressed onmousemove script What to do when mouse pointer moves onmouseout script What to do when mouse pointer moves out of an element onmouseover script What to do when mouse pointer moves over an element onmouseup script What to do when mouse button is released Your Windows PC as a Web Server If you want other people to view your pages, you must publish them. To publish your work, you must save your pages on a web server. Your own PC can act as a web server if you install IIS or PWS. IIS or PWS turns your computer into a web server. Microsoft IIS and PWS are free web server components. IIS Internet Information Server IIS is for Windows system like Windows 2000, XP, and Vista. It is also available for Windows NT. IIS is easy to install and ideal for developing and testing web applications. IIS includes Active Server Pages (ASP), a server-side scripting standard that can be used to create dynamic and interactive web applications. PWS Personal Web Server PWS is for older Windows system like Windows 95, 98, and NT. PWS is easy to install and can be used for developing and testing web applications including ASP. We dont recommend running PWS for anything else than training. It is outdated and have security issues. Windows Web Server Versions Windows Vista Professional comes with IIS 6. Windows Vista Home Edition does not support PWS or IIS. Windows XP Professional comes with IIS 5. Windows XP Home Edition does not support IIS or PWS. Windows 2000 Professional comes with IIS 4. Windows NT Professional comes with IIS 3 and also supports IIS 4. Windows NT Workstation supports PWS and IIS 3. Windows ME does not support PWS or IIS. Windows 98 comes with PWS. Windows 95 supports PWS. HTML Summary This tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site. HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can read and display. The key to HTML is the tags, which indicates what content is coming up. XHTML XHTML reformulates HTML 4.01 in XML. CSS CSS is used to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. With CSS, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a separate file. CSS gives you total control of the layout, without messing up the document content. JavaScript Tutorial What is JavaScript? JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages JavaScript is a scripting language A scripting language is a lightweight programming language JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation) Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license What can a JavaScript Do? JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small snippets of code into their HTML pages JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page A JavaScript statement like this: document.write(h1 + name + /h1) can write a variable text into an HTML page JavaScript can react to events A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element JavaScript can read and write HTML elements A JavaScript can read and change the content of an HTML element JavaScript can be used to validate data A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing JavaScript can be used to detect the visitors browser A JavaScript can be used to detect the visitors browser, and depending on the browser load another page specifically designed for that browser JavaScript can be used to create cookies A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve information on the visitors computer How to Put a JavaScript Into an HTML Page html body script type=text/javascript document.write(Hello World!); /script /body /html Where to Put the JavaScript JavaScripts in a page will be executed immediately while the page loads into the browser. This is not always what we want. Sometimes we want to execute a script when a page loads, other times when a user triggers an event. Scripts in the head section: Scripts to be executed when they are called, or when an event is triggered, go in the head section. When you place a script in the head section, you will ensure that the script is loaded before anyone uses it. html head script type=text/javascript . /script /head Scripts in the body section: Scripts to be executed when the page loads go in the body section. When you place a script in the body section it generates the content of the page. html head /head body script type=text/javascript . /script /body Scripts in both the body and the head section: You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, so you can have scripts in both the body and the head section. html head script type=text/javascript . /script /head body script type=text/javascript . /script /body Using an External JavaScript Sometimes you might want to run the same JavaScript on several pages, without having to write the same script on every page. To simplify this, you can write a JavaScript in an external file. Save the external JavaScript file with a .js file extension. Note: The external script cannot contain the script tag! To use the external script, point to the .js file in the src attribute of the script tag: html head script type=text/javascript src=xxx.js/script /head body /body /html JavaScript is Case Sensitive Unlike HTML, JavaScript is case sensitive therefore watch your capitalization closely when you write JavaScript statements, create or call variables, objects and functions. JavaScript Statements A JavaScript statement is a command to the browser. The purpose of the command is to tell the browser what to do. This JavaScript statement tells the browser to write Hello Dolly to the web page: document.write(Hello Dolly); It is normal to add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement. Most people think this is a good programming practice, and most often you will see this in JavaScript examples on the web. The semicolon is optional (according to the JavaScript standard), and the browser is supposed to interpret the end of the line as the end of the statement. Because of this you will often see examples without the semicolon at the end. Note: Using semicolons makes it possible to write multiple statements on one line. JavaScript Code JavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements. Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence they are written. This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page: script type=text/javascript document.write(h1This is a header/h1); document.write(pThis is a paragraph/p); document.write(pThis is another paragraph/p); JavaScript Blocks JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks. Blocks start with a left curly bracket {, and ends with a right curly bracket }. The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute together. This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page: script type=text/javascript { document.write(h1This is a header/h1); document.write(pThis is a paragraph/p); document.write(pThis is another paragraph/p); } /script JavaScript comments can be used to make the code more readable. JavaScript Comments Comments can be added to explain the JavaScript, or to make it more readable. Single line comments start with //. This example uses single line comments to explain the code: script type=text/javascript // This will write a header: document.write(h1This is a header/h1); // This will write two paragraphs: document.write(pThis is a paragraph/p); document.write(pThis is another paragraph/p); /script Using Comments to Prevent Execution In this example the comment is used to prevent the execution of a single code line: script type=text/javascript document.write(h1This is a header/h1); document.write(pThis is a paragraph/p); //document.write(pThis is another paragraph/p); /script In this example the comments is used to prevent the execution of multiple code lines: script type=text/javascript /* document.write(h1This is a header/h1); document.write(pThis is a paragraph/p); document.write(pThis is another paragraph/p); */ /script Using Comments at the End of a Line In this example the comment is placed at the end of a line: script type=text/javascript document.write(Hello); // This will write Hello document.write(Dolly); // This will write Dolly /script Variables are containers for storing information. Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as declaring variables. You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement: var x; var carname; After the declaration shown above, the variables are empty (they have no values yet). However, you can also assign values to the variables when you declare them: var x=5; var carname=Volvo; After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold the value Volvo. Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value. Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the variables will automatically be declared. These statements: x=5; carname=Volvo; have the same effect as: var x=5; var carname=Volvo; Redeclaring JavaScript Variables If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value. var x=5; var x; After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still have the value of 5. The value of x is not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it. Conditional Statements Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this. In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements: if statement use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is true ifelse statement use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is true and another code if the condition is false ifelse if.else statement use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed switch statement use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed script type=text/javascript //If the time is less than 10, //you will get a Good morning greeting. //Otherwise you will get a Good day greeting. var d = new Date(); var time = d.getHours(); if (time 10) { document.write(Good morning!); } else { document.write(Good day!); } /script The JavaScript Switch Statement You should use the switch statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed. Syntax switch(n) { case 1: execute code block 1 break; case 2: execute code block 2 break; default: code to be executed if n is different from case 1 and 2 } script type=text/javascript //You will receive a different greeting based //on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0, //Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc. var d=new Date(); theDay=d.getDay(); switch (theDay) { case 5: document.write(Finally Friday); break; case 6: document.write(Super Saturday); break; case 0: document.write(Sleepy Sunday); break; default: document.write(Im looking forward to this weekend!); } /script JavaScript Popup Boxes Alert Box An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through to the user. When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click OK to proceed. Syntax: alert(sometext); Confirm Box A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something. When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either OK or Cancel to proceed. If the user clicks OK, the box returns true. If the user clicks Cancel, the box returns false. Syntax: confirm(sometext); Prompt Box A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a page. When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either OK or Cancel to proceed after entering an input value. If the user clicks OK the box returns the input value. If the user clicks Cancel the box returns null. Syntax: prompt(sometext,defaultvalue); JavaScript Functions JavaScript Functions To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put your script into a function. A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to that function. You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even from other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file). Functions can be defined both in the head and in the body section of a document. However, to assure that the function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put it in the head section. How to Define a Function The syntax for creating a function is: function functionname(var1,var2,,varX) { some code } The return Statement The return statement is used to specify the value that is returned from the function. So, functions that are going to return a value must use the return statement. Example The function below should return the product of two numbers (a and b): function prod(a,b) { x=a*b; return x; } html head script type=text/javascript function displaymessage() { alert(Hello World!); } /script /head body form input type=button value=Click me! onclick=displaymessage() /form /body /html JavaScript Loops Very often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script we can use loops to perform a task like this. In JavaScript there are two different kind of loops: for loops through a block of code a specified number of times while loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true The for Loop The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run. Syntax for (var=startvalue;var=endvalue;var=var+increment) { code to be executed } Example Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs. Note: The increment parameter could also be negative, and the = could be any comparing statement. html body script type=text/javascript var i=0; for (i=0;i=10;i++) { document.write(The number is + i); document.write(br /); } /script /body /html The while loop The while loop is used when you want the loop to execute and continue executing while the specified condition is true. while (var=endvalue) { code to be executed } Note: The = could be any comparing statement. Example Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs. html body script type=text/javascript var i=0; while (i=10) { document.write(The number is + i); document.write(br /); i=i+1; } /script /body /html The dowhile Loop The dowhile loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will always execute a block of code ONCE, and then it will repeat the loop as long as the specified condition is true. This loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the code is executed before the condition is tested. do { code to be executed } while (var=endvalue); Example html body script type=text/javascript var i=0; do { document.write(The number is + i); document.write(br /); i=i+1; } while (i0); /script /body /html JavaScript break and continue Statements There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: break and continue. Break The break command will break the loop and continue executing the code that follows after the loop (if any). Example html body script type=text/javascript var i=0; for (i=0;i=10;i++) { if (i==3) { break; } document.write(The number is + i); document.write(br /); } /script /body /html Continue The continue command will break the current loop and continue with the next value. Example html body script type=text/javascript var i=0 for (i=0;i=10;i++) { if (i==3) { continue; } document.write(The number is + i); document.write(br /); } /script /body /html JavaScript ForIn Statement The forin statement is used to loop (iterate) through the elements of an array or through the properties of an object. The code in the body of the for in loop is executed once for each element/property. Syntax for (variable in object) { code to be executed } The variable argument can be a named variable, an array element, or a property of an object. Example Using forin to loop through an array: html body script type=text/javascript var x; var mycars = new Array(); mycars[0] = Saab; mycars[1] = Volvo; mycars[2] = BMW; for (x in mycars) { document.write(mycars[x] + br /); } /script /body /html Events By using JavaScript, we have the ability to create dynamic web pages. Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript. Every element on a web page has certain events which can trigger JavaScript functions. For example, we can use the onClick event of a button element to indicate that a function will run when a user clicks on the button. We define the events in the HTML tags. Examples of events: A mouse click A web page or an image loading Mousing over a hot spot on the web page Selecting an input box in an HTML form Submitting an HTML form A keystroke Note: Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the function will not be executed before the event occurs! onload and onUnload The onload and onUnload events are triggered when the user enters or leaves the page. The onload event is often used to check the visitors browser type and browser version, and load the proper version of the web page based on the information. Both the onload and onUnload events are also often used to deal with cookies that should be set when a user enters or leaves a page. For example, you could have a popup asking for the users name upon his first arrival to your page. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, you could have another popup saying something like: Welcome John Doe!. onFocus, onBlur and onChange The onFocus, onBlur and onChange events are often used in combination with validation of form fields. Below is an example of how to use the onChange event. The checkEmail() function will be called whenever the user changes the content of the field: input type=text size=30 id=email onchange=checkEmail() onSubmit The onSubmit event is used to validate ALL form fields before submitting it. Below is an example of how to use the onSubmit event. The checkForm() function will be called when the user clicks the submit button in the form. If the field values are not accepted, the submit should be cancelled. The function checkForm() returns either true or false. If it returns true the form will be submitted, otherwise the submit will be cancelled: form method=post action=xxx.htm onsubmit=return checkForm() onMouseOver and onMouseOut onMouseOver and onMouseOut are often used to create animated buttons. Below is an example of an onMouseOver event. An alert box appears when an onMouseOver event is detected: a href=https://www.w3schools.com onmouseover=alert(An onMouseOver event);return false img src=w3schools.gif width=100 height=30 /a JavaScript TryCatch Statement JavaScript Catching Errors When browsing Web pages on the internet, we all have seen a JavaScript alert box telling us there is a runtime error and asking Do you wish to debug?. Error message like this may be useful for developers but not for users. When users see errors, they often leave the Web page. This chapter will teach you how to trap and handle JavaScript error messages, so you dont lose your audience. There are two ways of catching errors in a Web page: By using the trycatch statement (available in IE5+, Mozilla 1.0, and Netscape 6) By using the onerror event. This is the old standard solution to catch errors (available since Netscape 3) TryCatch Statement The trycatch statement allows you to test a block of code for errors. The try block contains the code to be run, and the catch block contains the code to be executed if an error occurs. Syntax try { //Run some code here } catch(err) { //Handle errors here } Note that trycatch is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters will generate a JavaScript error! Example 1 The example below contains a script that is supposed to display the message Welcome guest! when you click on a button. However, theres a typo in the message() function. alert() is misspelled as adddlert(). A JavaScript error occurs: html head script type=text/javascript function message() { adddlert(Welcome guest!); } /script /head body input type=button value=View message onclick=message() / /body /html To take more appropriate action when an error occurs, you can add a trycatch statement. The example below contains the Welcome guest! example rewritten to use the trycatch statement. Since alert() is misspelled, a JavaScript error occurs. However, this time, the catch block catches the error and executes a custom code to handle it. The code displays a custom error message informing the user what happened: html head script type=text/javascript var txt= function message() { try { adddlert(Welcome guest!); } catch(err) { txt=There was an error on this page.nn; txt+=Error description: + err.description + nn; txt+=Click OK to continue.nn; alert(txt); } } /script /head body input type=button value=View message onclick=message() / /body /html Example 2 The next example uses a confirm box to display a custom message telling users they can click OK to continue viewing the page or click Cancel to go to the homepage. If the confirm method returns false, the user clicked Cancel, and the code redirects the user. If the confirm method returns true, the code does nothing: html head script type=text/javascript var txt= function message() { try { adddlert(Welcome guest!); } catch(err) { txt=There was an error on this page.nn; txt+=Click OK to continue viewing this page,n; txt+=or Cancel to return to the home page.nn; if(!confirm(txt)) { document.location.href=https://www.w3schools.com/; } } } /script /head body input type=button value=View message onclick=message() / /body /html The onerror Event The onerror event will be explained soon, but first you will learn how to use the throw statement to create an exception. The throw statement can be used together with the trycatch statement. JavaScript Throw Statement The throw statement allows you to create an exception. The Throw Statement The throw statement allows you to create an exception. If you use this statement together with the trycatch statement, you can control program flow and generate accurate error messages. Syntax throw(exception) The exception can be a string, integer, Boolean or an object. Note that throw is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters will generate a JavaScript error! Example 1 The example below determines the value of a variable called x. If the value of x is higher than 10 or lower than 0 we are going to throw an error. The error is then caught by the catch argument and the proper error message is displayed: html body script type=text/javascript var x=prompt(Enter a number between 0 and 10:,); try { if(x10) throw Err1; else if(x0) throw Err2; } catch(er) { if(er==Err1) alert(Error! The value is too high); if(er == Err2) alert(Error! The value is too low); } /script /body /html The onerror Event We have just explained how to use the trycatch statement to catch errors in a web page. Now we are going to explain how to use the onerror event for the same purpose. The onerror event is fired whenever there is a script error in the page. To use the onerror event, you must create a function to handle the errors. Then you call the function with the onerror event handler. The event handler is called with three arguments: msg (error message), url (the url of the page that caused the error) and line (the line where the error occurred). Syntax onerror=handleErr function handleErr(msg,url,l) { //Handle the error here return true or false } The value returned by onerror determines whether the browser displays a standard error message. If you return false, the browser displays the standard error message in the JavaScript console. If you return true, the browser does not display the standard error message. Example The following example shows how to catch the error with the onerror event: html head script type=text/javascript onerror=handleErr; var txt=; function handleErr(msg,url,l) { txt=There was an error on this page.nn; txt+=Error: + msg + n; txt+=URL: + url + n; txt+=Line: + l + nn; txt+=Click OK to continue.nn; alert(txt); return true; } function message() { adddlert(Welcome guest!); } /script /head body input type=button value=View message onclick=message() / /body /html JavaScript Special Characters In JavaScript you can add special characters to a text string by using the backslash sign. Insert Special Characters The backslash () is used to insert apostrophes, new lines, quotes, and other special characters into a text string. Look at the following JavaScript code: var txt=We are the so-called Vikings from the north.; document.write(txt); In JavaScript, a string is started and stopped with either single or double quotes. This means that the string above will be chopped to: We are the so-called To solve this problem, you must place a backslash () before each double quote in Viking. This turns each double quote into a string literal: var txt=We are the so-called Vikings from the north.; document.write(txt); JavaScript will now output the proper text string: We are the so-called Vikings from the north. Here is another example: document.write (You I are singing!); The example above will produce the following output: You I are singing! The table below lists other special characters that can be added to a text string with the backslash sign: Code Outputs single quote double quote ampersand backslash n new line r carriage return t tab b backspace f form feed JavaScript Objects Introduction JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. An OOP language allows you to define your own objects and make your own variable types. Object Oriented Programming JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. An OOP language allows you to define your own objects and make your own variable types. However, creating your own objects will be explained later, in the Advanced JavaScript section. We will start by looking at the built-in JavaScript objects, and how they are used. The next pages will explain each built-in JavaScript object in detail. Note that an object is just a special kind of data. An object has properties and methods. Properties Properties are the values associated with an object. In the following example we are using the length property of the String object to return the number of characters in a string: script type=text/javascript var txt=Hello World!; document.write(txt.length); /script Methods Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects. In the following example we are using the toUpperCase() method of the String object to display a text in uppercase letters: script type=text/javascript var str=Hello world!; document.write(str.toUpperCase()); /script String object The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of text. Examples of use: The following example uses the length property of the String object to find the length of a string: var txt=Hello world!; document.write(txt.length); The code above will result in the following output: 12 The following example uses the toUpperCase() method of the String object to convert a string to uppercase letters: var txt=Hello world!; document.write(txt.toUpperCase()); Create a Date Object The Date object is used to work with dates and times. The following code create a Date object called myDate: var myDate=new Date() Note: The Date object will automatically hold the current date and time as its initial value! Set Dates We can easily manipulate the date by using the methods available for the Date object. In the example below we set a Date object to a specific date (14th January 2010): var myDate=new Date(); myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14); And in the following example we set a Date object to be 5 days into the future: var myDate=new Date(); myDate.setDate(myDate.getDate()+5); Note: If adding five days to a date shifts the month or year, the changes are handled automatically by the Date object itself! Compare Two Dates The Date object is also used to compare two dates. The following example compares todays date with the 14th January 2010: var myDate=new Date(); myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14); var today = new Date(); if (myDatetoday) { alert(Today is before 14th January 2010); } else { alert(Today is after 14th January 2010); } Create an Array The following code creates an Array object called myCars: var myCars=new Array(); There are two ways of adding values to an array (you can add as many values as you need to define as many variables you require). 1: var myCars=new Array(); myCars[0]=Saab; myCars[1]=Volvo; myCars[2]=BMW; You could also pass an integer argument to control the arrays size: var myCars=new Array(3); myCars[0]=Saab; myCars[1]=Volvo; myCars[2]=BMW; 2: var myCars=new Array(Saab,Volvo,BMW); Note: If you specify numbers or true/false values inside the array then the type of variables will be numeric or Boolean instead of string. Access an Array You can refer to a particular element in an array by referring to the name of the array and the index number. The index number starts at 0. The following code line: document.write(myCars[0]); will result in the following output: Saab Modify Values in an Array To modify a value in an existing array, just add a new value to the array with a specified index number: myCars[0]=Opel; Now, the following code line: document.write(myCars[0]); Create a Boolean Object The Boolean object represents two values: true or false. The following code creates a Boolean object called myBoolean: var myBoolean=new Boolean(); Note: If the Boolean object has no initial value or if it is 0, -0, null, , false, undefined, or NaN, the object is set to false. Otherwise it is true (even with the string false)! All the following lines of code create Boolean objects with an initial value of false: var myBoolean=new Boolean(); var myBoolean=new Boolean(0); var myBoolean=new Boolean(null); var myBoolean=new Boolean(); var myBoolean=new Boolean(false); var myBoolean=new Boolean(NaN); And all the following lines of code create Boolean objects with an initial value of true: var myBoolean=new Boolean(true); var myBoolean=new Boolean(true); var myBoolean=new Boolean(false); var myBoolean=new Boolean(Richard); Math Object The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks. The Math object includes several mathematical constants and methods. Syntax for using properties/methods of Math: var pi_value=Math.PI; var sqrt_value=Math.sqrt(16); Note: Math is not a constructor. All properties and methods of Math can be called by using Math as an object without creating it. Mathematical Constants JavaScript provides eight mathematical constants that can be accessed from the Math object. These are: E, PI, square root of 2, square root of 1/2, natural log of 2, natural log of 10, base-2 log of E, and base-10 log of E. You may reference these constants from your JavaScript like this: Math.E Math.PI Math.SQRT2 Math.SQRT1_2 Math.LN2 Math.LN10 Math.LOG2E Math.LOG10E Mathematical Methods In addition to the mathematical constants that can be accessed from the Math object there are also several methods available. The following example uses the round() method of the Math object to round a number to the nearest integer: document.write(Math.round(4.7)); The code above will result in the following output: 5 The following example uses the random() method of the Math object to return a random number between 0 and 1: document.write(Math.random()); The code above can result in the following output: 0.9742574926181294 The following example uses the floor() and random() methods of the Math object to return a random number between 0 and 10: document.write(Math.floor(Math.random()*11)); More JavaScript Objects Follow the links to learn more about the objects and their collections, properties, methods and events. Object Description Window The top level object in the JavaScript hierarchy. The Window object represents a browser window. A Window object is created automatically with every instance of a body or frameset tag Navigator Contains information about the clients browser Screen Contains information about the clients display screen History Contains the visited URLs in the browser window Location Contains information about the current URL The Navigator Object The JavaScript Navigator object contains all information about the visitors browser. We are going to look at two properties of the Navigator object: appName holds the name of the browser appVersion holds, among other things, the version of the browser Example html body script type=text/javascript var browser=navigator.appName; var b_version=navigator.appVersion; var version=parseFloat(b_version); document.write(Browser name: + browser); document.write(br /); document.write(Browser version: + version); /script /body /html The script below displays a different alert, depending on the visitors browser: html head script type=text/javascript function detectBrowser() { var browser=navigator.appName; var b_version=navigator.appVersion; var version=parseFloat(b_version); if ((browser==Netscape||browser==Microsoft Internet Explorer) (version=4)) { alert(Your browser is good enough!); } else { alert(Its time to upgrade your browser!); } } /script /head body onload=detectBrowser() /body /html JavaScript Cookies A cookie is often used to identify a user. What is a Cookie? A cookie is a variable that is stored on the visitors computer. Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too. With JavaScript, you can both create and retrieve cookie values. Examples of cookies: Name cookie The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, he or she must fill in her/his name. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, he or she could get a welcome message like Welcome John Doe! The name is retrieved from the stored cookie Password cookie The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, he or she must fill in a password. The password is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, the password is retrieved from the cookie Date cookie The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, the current date is stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, he or she could get a message like Your last visit was on Tuesday August 11, 2005! The date is retrieved from the stored cookie Create and Store a Cookie In this example we will create a cookie that stores the name of a visitor. The first time a visitor arrives to the web page, he or she will be asked to fill in her/his name. The name is then stored in a cookie. The next time the visitor arrives at the same page, he or she will get welcome message. First, we create a function that stores the name of the visitor in a cookie variable: function setCookie(c_name,value,expiredays) { var exdate=new Date(); exdate.setDate(exdate.getDate()+expiredays); document.cookie=c_name+ = +escape(value)+ ((expiredays==null) ? : ;expires=+exdate.toGMTString()); } The parameters of the function above hold the name of the cookie, the value of the cookie, and the number of days until the cookie expires. In the function above we first convert the number of days to a valid date, then we add the number of days until the cookie should expire. After that we store the cookie name, cookie value and the expiration date in the document.cookie object. Then, we create another function that checks if the cookie has been set: function getCookie(c_name) { if (document.cookie.length0) { c_start=document.cookie.indexOf(c_name + =); if (c_start!=-1) { c_start=c_start + c_name.length+1; c_end=document.cookie.indexOf(;,c_start); if (c_end==-1) c_end=document.cookie.length; return unescape(document.cookie.substring(c_start,c_end)); } } return ; } The function above first checks if a cookie is stored at all in the document.cookie object. If the document.cookie object holds some cookies, then check to see if our specific cookie is stored. If our cookie is found, then return the value, if not return an empty string. Last, we create the function that displays a welcome message if the cookie is set, and if the cookie is not set it will display a prompt box, asking for the name of the user: function checkCookie() { username=getCookie(username); if (username!=null username!=) { alert(Welcome again +username+!); } else { username=prompt(Please enter your name:,); if (username!=null username!=) { setCookie(username,username,365); } } } All together now: html head script type=text/javascript function getCookie(c_name) { if (document.cookie.length0) { c_start=document.cookie.indexOf(c_name + =); if (c_start!=-1) { c_start=c_start + c_name.length+1; c_end=document.cookie.indexOf(;,c_start); if (c_end==-1) c_end=document.cookie.length; return unescape(document.cookie.substring(c_start,c_end)); } } return ; } function setCookie(c_name,value,expiredays) { var exdate=new Date(); exdate.setDate(exdate.getDate()+expiredays); document.cookie=c_name+ = +escape(value)+ ((expiredays==null) ? : ;expires=+exdate.toGMTString()); } function checkCookie() { username=getCookie(username); if (username!=null username!=) { alert(Welcome again +username+!); } else { username=prompt(Please enter your name:,); if (username!=null username!=) { setCookie(username,username,365); } } } /script /head body onLoad=checkCookie() /body /html JavaScript Form Validation JavaScript can be used to validate input data in HTML forms before sending off the content to a server. JavaScript Form Validation JavaScript can be used to validate input data in HTML forms before sending off the content to a server. Form data that typically are checked by a JavaScript could be: has the user left required fields empty? has the user entered a valid e-mail address? has the user entered a valid date? has the user entered text in a numeric field? Required Fields The function below checks if a required field has been left empty. If the required field is blank, an alert box alerts a message and the function returns false. If a value is entered, the function returns true (means that data is OK): function validate_required(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { if (value==null||value==) { alert(alerttxt);return false; } else { return true; } } } The entire script, with the HTML form could look something like this: html head script type=text/javascript function validate_required(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { if (value==null||value==) {alert(alerttxt);return false;} else {return true} } } function validate_form(thisform) { with (thisform) { if (validate_required(email,Email must be filled out!)==false) {email.focus();return false;} } } /script /head body form action=submitpage.htm onsubmit=return validate_form(this) method=post Email: input type=text name=email size=30 input type=submit value=Submit /form /body /html E-mail Validation The function below checks if the content has the general syntax of an email. This means that the input data must contain at least an @ sign and a dot (.). Also, the @ must not be the first character of the email address, and the last dot must at least be one character after the @ sign: function validate_email(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { apos=value.indexOf(@); dotpos=value.lastIndexOf(.); if (apos1||dotpos-apos2) {alert(alerttxt);return false;} else {return true;} } } The entire script, with the HTML form could look something like this: html head script type=text/javascript function validate_email(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { apos=value.indexOf(@); dotpos=value.lastIndexOf(.); if (apos1||dotpos-apos2) {alert(alerttxt);return false;} else {return true;} } } function validate_form(thisform) { with (thisform) { if (validate_email(email,Not a valid e-mail address!)==false) {email.focus();return false;} } } /script /head body form action=submitpage.htm onsubmit=return validate_form(this); method=post Email: input type=text name=email size=30 input type=submit value=Submit /form /body /html The entire script, with the HTML form could look something like this: html head script type=text/javascript function validate_email(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { apos=value.indexOf(@); dotpos=value.lastIndexOf(.); if (apos1||dotpos-apos2) {alert(alerttxt);return false;} else {return true;} } } function validate_form(thisform) { with (thisform) { if (validate_email(email,Not a valid e-mail address!)==false) {email.focus();return false;} } } /script /head body form action=submitpage.htm onsubmit=return validate_form(this); method=post Email: input type=text name=email size=30 input type=submit value=Submit /form /body /html JavaScript Animation With JavaScript we can create animated images. JavaScript Animation It is possible to use JavaScript to create animated images. The trick is to let a JavaScript change between different images on different events. In the following example we will add an image that should act as a link button on a web page. We will then add an onMouseOver event and an onMouseOut event that will run two JavaScript functions that will change between the images. The HTML Code The HTML code looks like this: a href=https://www.w3schools.com target=_blank img border=0 alt=Visit W3Schools! src=b_pink.gif name=b1 onmouseOver=mouseOver() onmouseOut=mouseOut() / /a Note that we have given the image a name to make it possible for JavaScript to address it later. The onMouseOver event tells the browser that once a mouse is rolled over the image, the browser should execute a function that will replace the image with another image. The onMouseOut event tells the browser that once a mouse is rolled away from the image, another JavaScript function should be executed. This function will insert the original image again. The JavaScript Code The changing between the images is done with the following JavaScript: script type=text/javascript function mouseOver() { document.b1.src =b_blue.gif; } function mouseOut() { document.b1.src =b_pink.gif; } /script The function mouseOver() causes the image to shift to b_blue.gif. The function mouseOut() causes the image to shift to b_pink.gif. The Entire Code html head script type=text/javascript function mouseOver() { document.b1.src =b_blue.gif; } function mouseOut() { document.b1.src =b_pink.gif; } /script /head body a href=https://www.w3schools.com target=_blank img border=0 alt=Visit W3Schools! src=b_pink.gif name=b1 onmouseOver=mouseOver() onmouseOut=mouseOut() / /a /body /html HTML Image Maps From our HTML tutorial we have learned that an image-map is an image with clickable regions. Normally, each region has an associated hyperlink. Clicking on one of the regions takes you to the associated link. Example The example below demonstrates how to create an HTML image map, with clickable regions. Each of the regions is a hyperlink: img src =planets.gif width =145 height =126 alt=Planets usemap =#planetmap / map id =planetmap name=planetmap area shape =rect coords =0,0,82,126 href =sun.htm target =_blank alt=Sun / area shape =circle coords =90,58,3 href =mercur.htm target =_blank alt=Mercury / area shape =circle coords =124,58,8 href =venus.htm target =_blank alt=Venus / /map Adding some JavaScript We can add events (that can call a JavaScript) to the area tags inside the image map. The area tag supports the onClick, onDblClick, onMouseDown, onMouseUp, onMouseOver, onMouseMove, onMouseOut, onKeyPress, onKeyDown, onKeyUp, onFocus, and onBlur events. Heres the above example, with some JavaScript added: html head script type=text/javascript function writeText(txt) { document.getElementById(desc).innerHTML=txt; } /script /head body img src=planets.gif width=145 height=126 alt=Planets usemap=#planetmap / map id =planetmap name=planetmap area shape =rect coords =0,0,82,126 onMouseOver=writeText(The Sun and the gas giant planets like Jupiter are by far the largest objects in our Solar System.) href =sun.htm target =_blank alt=Sun / area shape =circle coords =90,58,3 onMouseOver=writeText(The planet Mercury is very difficult to study from the Earth because it is always so close to the Sun.) href =mercur.htm target =_blank alt=Mercury / area shape =circle coords =124,58,8 onMouseOver=writeText(Until the 1960s, Venus was often considered a twin sister to the Earth because Venus is the nearest planet to us, and because the two planets seem to share many characteristics.) href =venus.htm target =_blank alt=Venus / /map p id=desc/p /body /html JavaScript Timing Events With JavaScript, it is possible to execute some code NOT immediately after a function is called, but after a specified time interval. This is called timing events. JavaScript Timing Events With JavaScript, it is possible to execute some code NOT immediately after a function is called, but after a specified time interval. This is called timing events. Its very easy to time events in JavaScript. The two key methods that are used are: setTimeout() executes a code some time in the future clearTimeout() cancels the setTimeout() Note: The setTimeout() and clearTimeout() are both methods of the HTML DOM Window object. setTimeout() Syntax var t=setTimeout(javascript statement,milliseconds); The setTimeout() method returns a value In the statement above, the value is stored in a variable called t. If you want to cancel this setTimeout(), you can refer to it using the variable name. The first parameter of setTimeout() is a string that contains a JavaScript statement. This statement could be a statement like alert(5 seconds!) or a call to a function, like alertMsg(). The second parameter indicates how many milliseconds from now you want to execute the first parameter. Note: There are 1000 milliseconds in one second. Example When the button is clicked in the example below, an alert box will be displayed after 5 seconds. html head script type=text/javascript function timedMsg() { var t=setTimeout(alert(5 seconds!),5000); } /script /head body form input type=button value=Display timed alertbox! onClick=timedMsg() /form /body /html Example Infinite Loop To get a timer to work in an infinite loop, we must write a function that calls itself. In the example below, when the button is clicked, the input field will start to count (for ever), starting at 0: html head script type=text/javascript var c=0 var t function timedCount() { document.getElementById(txt).value=c; c=c+1; t=setTimeout(timedCount(),1000); } /script /head body form input type=button value=Start count! onClick=timedCount() input type=text id=txt /form /body /html clearTimeout() Syntax clearTimeout(setTimeout_variable) Example The example below is the same as the Infinite Loop example above. The only difference is that we have now added a Stop Count! button that stops the timer: html head script type=text/javascript var c=0 var t function timedCount() { document.getElementById(txt).value=c; c=c+1; t=setTimeout(timedCount(),1000); } function stopCount() { clearTimeout(t); } /script /head body form input type=button value=Start count! onClick=timedCount() input type=text id=txt input type=button value=Stop count! onClick=stopCount() /form /body /html Create Your Own Objects Objects are useful to organize information. JavaScript Objects Earlier in this tutorial we have seen that JavaScript has several built-in objects, like String, Date, Array, and more. In addition to these built-in objects, you can also create your own. An object is just a special kind of data, with a collection of properties and methods. Lets illustrate with an example: A person is an object. Properties are the values associated with the object. The persons properties include name, height, weight, age, skin tone, eye color, etc. All persons have these properties, but the values of those properties will differ from person to person. Objects also have methods. Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects. The persons methods could be eat(), sleep(), work(), play(), etc. Properties The syntax for accessing a property of an object is: objName.propName You can add properties to an object by simply giving it a value. Assume that the personObj already exists you can give it properties named firstname, lastname, age, and eyecolor as follows: personObj.firstname=John; personObj.lastname=Doe; personObj.age=30; personObj.eyecolor=blue; document.write(personObj.firstname); The code above will generate the following output: John Methods An object can also contain methods. You can call a method with the following syntax: objName.methodName() Note: Parameters required for the method can be passed between the parentheses. To call a method called sleep() for the personObj: personObj.sleep(); Creating Your Own Objects There are different ways to create a new object: 1. Create a direct instance of an object The following code creates an instance of an object and adds four properties to it: personObj=new Object(); personObj.firstname=John; personObj.lastname=Doe; personObj.age=50; personObj.eyecolor=blue; Adding a method to the personObj is also simple. The following code adds a method called eat() to the personObj: personObj.eat=eat; 2. Create a template of an object The template defines the structure of an object: function person(firstname,lastname,age,eyecolor) { this.firstname=firstname; this.lastname=lastname; this.age=age; this.eyecolor=eyecolor; } Notice that the template is just a function. Inside the function you need to assign things to this.propertyName. The reason for all the this stuff is that youre going to have more than one person at a time (which person youre dealing with must be clear). Thats what this is: the instance of the object at hand. Once you have the template, you can create new instances of the object, like this: myFather=new person(John,Doe,50,blue); myMother=new person(Sally,Rally,48,green); You can also add some methods to the person object. This is also done inside the template: function person(firstname,lastname,age,eyecolor) { this.firstname=firstname; this.lastname=lastname; this.age=age; this.eyecolor=eyecolor; this.newlastname=newlastname; } Note that methods are just functions attached to objects. Then we will have to write the newlastname() function: function newlastname(new_lastname) { this.lastname=new_lastname; } The newlastname() function defines the persons new last name and assigns that to the person. JavaScript knows which person youre talking about by using this.. So, now you can write: myMother.newlastname(Doe). JavaScript Summary This tutorial has taught you how to add JavaScript to your HTML pages, to make your web site more dynamic and interactive. You have learned how to create responses to events, validate forms and how to make different scripts run in response to different scenarios. You have also learned how to create and use objects, and how to use JavaScripts built-in objects.

Linear and Circular Model of Communication - 844 Words

Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person, information about that persons needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes. In light of the above definition of communication, the success of the Linear and Circular model of communication is dependent upon how successful the message is transmitted and if there is a desired effect on the person that is addressed in the communication process. Aristotle’s model of communication came to the conclusion that the last person in the communication chain; the receiver†¦show more content†¦This feedback is given either verbally or non-verbally of in both ways. This model which bears more realistic appeal to a real life like structure is not substantially different from the circular model of communication as it also depicts communication as a dynamic process in which both the participants are actively engaged in encoding, transmitting, receiving and decoding messages. Providing an example on the applicability of this in the modern era of communication we can take the example of a press conference conducted by a firm in the face of some scandal that t he firm is facing. If we were to follow the linear model of communication, the person conducting the conference would say all that he or she has to say, taking Shannon and Weaver’s variable of interupptions out of the equation we can still see that this situation is not a perfect example of communication for many reasons. First the delivery of a point maynot have been put into proper words and there the people in attendance at the conference would not get the correct point as there would be no way for them to clarify from the spokeperson what they mean. Secondly everything about the situation may not have been dealt with and there is no way that the attendants can enquire fromt he spokesperson if everything is addressed. Finally there may be an observation from the attendants about the issue that may significantly change the course ofShow MoreRelatedTwo Way Communication Prevails over One Way Communication1415 Words   |  6 Pageschoice,discuss the view that two  œway communication should prevail over one-way communication. Communication plays a very important role in an organisation. In fact, it is said to be the lifeline of the organisation. In totality, communication in an organisation is very complex and needs to be correctly managed, handled and monitored to avert chaos, crisis or conflict. 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In their conversation, the husband is upset with their daughter’s poor academic performance, which he can hardly understand because he was a good student with outstanding grades at school during his own childhood. Obviously, the topic of their conversation is their daughter’s poor academic performance. And, their attention is on what they are

Master of Business Administration program at Georgia State University Free Essays

I have chosen the flexible Master of Business Administration program at Georgia State University because it offers the best academic and skills training that would help me become better at what I do. At present I am interested in learning communication and analytical skills, how to be decisive and the importance of teamwork. I believe that these skills are necessary for the success of my career as a financial accountant and I know that I would be able to learn this through the challenging curriculum of Robinson College. We will write a custom essay sample on Master of Business Administration program at Georgia State University or any similar topic only for you Order Now Work experience is necessary for real life application, but education broadens one’s thinking and perspectives. My main reason for pursuing an MBA is because I want to further myself in the accounting field. Through the training of the MBA program I will be equipped with the skills that would allow me to help businesses expand in their operations while focusing on management and employee connections. Personally I believe that I have the leadership skills and the creative perspective for growth to be successful in my chosen career but I am also aware that I lack the educational background. By enrolling in the MBA program of Georgia State University and practicing my profession, I know that I would be able to become a financial advisor wherein I could help clients increase their revenues by using internal assessments and other strategies. I hope to become a financial accountant in the future and work on financial analysis and prepare fiscal reports. Through several work experiences I realized that I could do anything I set my mind to accomplish; that through hard work and determination I could rise from a party coordinator to manager. I also learned that a successful business enterprise is possible if there is honesty and complete customer satisfaction. I have had the opportunity to work as a Payroll and Tax Specialist, and here I have learned that customer satisfaction and the highest quality service is the best way to develop customer loyalty. All of these experiences have no doubt enriched my professional career but I also know that I need to learn more about this field of specialization and I am most happy when I am learning something new. I know that I belong to Georgia State’s MBA program; it has the right balance of academic and practical training that appeals to me. My contributions to the university will be my collective perspective, my determination to succeed and moral character. My degree in Bachelors in Family and Consumer Sciences has imbued me with the knowledge and sensitivity to understand people. By becoming a member of the MBA program I will bring with me this humanitarian perspective and help influence other business professionals to do the same. I am determined to finish this degree and I am prepared to give my best in accomplishing the requirements of the course and to actively participate in each class. The strong business ethics and professional accountability of Robinson College is the best place to foster and develop my skills and personality. How to cite Master of Business Administration program at Georgia State University, Papers

Anthony Burgesss novel Essay Example For Students

Anthony Burgesss novel Essay Anthony Burgesss novel, A Clockwork Orange, later adapted to the screen in a movie directed by Stanley Kubrick, has been noted by many to be one of the most talked about and controversial book/movie duos of the past 50 years (Davies, 2000; Parsons, 1993). Based on the story of Alex, a 15-year-old hoodlum who delights in rape, violence, thievery, and classical music, the text tells a story of betrayal, morality and reformation. The film and novel were acclaimed by some, such as John Trevelyan (Chairman of The British Board of Film Classification from 1956 to1971) who passed the film with an X rating and said it was an important social document of outstanding brilliance and quality (Davies, 2000). The film was also nominated for an Academy Award in 1971 for best picture, best director, best film editing and best screenplay (Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 2003). However, A Clockwork Orange received a vast amount of negative press also, due to the moral panic it created in regards to the propagation of violence by young people (Arkell, 2000). The text was blamed for a spate of copy-cat violence that followed the release of the film, almost overnight the films very title had become a press and police euphemism for teenage crime (Davies, 2000). The moral panic was so great that the films director, Stanley Kubrick, withdrew the film from circulation in Britain in 1974 after receiving numerous death threats to himself and his family (Arkell, 2000). This essay aims to address the rationale that provoked the moral panic amongst so many when the book, and later the movie, were released, focusing on the way youthful identities are constructed within both texts. Told in first person narrative, both the novel and movie forms of A Clockwork Orange are presented through the eyes of Alex. This choice to narrate in first person in contrast to omniscient and controlled third person narration styles lends to the plausibility of the story. Aimed toward a youthful audience (either those still in their youth, or those reminiscent of it) the narration of Alex, who himself is in his youth, gives the reader a sense of legitimacy because of his similarity to the reader (viewer). The reader, as suggested by Roth, is lulled into trusting and seduced into sharing Alexs world view through the rudimentary and infrequent sharing of his feelings thoughts and perceptions thus, appearing to tell his story economically and honestly, giving an air of reliability (Roth, 1978). This close audience (reader) identification and confidence in the story can be duly linked to the moral panic evident in society at the time of the release both the novel and the film. It is expected that those who helped sustain the moral panic of the time found this relationship between the target audience and the character of Alex, who is portrayed as rebellious and excessively violent, both disturbing and potentially harmful. Whats it going to be then, eh? (Burgess, 1962)Â  Portrayal of Alexs youthful identity steadily changes throughout the text. However, the character demonstrates a substantially more thorough developmental evolution in the novel; as the final chapter of the book was overlooked in the production of the film. Whats it going to be then, eh? is the question asked at the commencement of each of the three sections of the written text and quoted frequently in the film. First asked by Alex, then by the prison chaplain, then by Alex again in part three, this phrase leads into three distinct yet similar sections of the novel by encapsulating the confrontation depicted in each part. Alex physically confronts both his friends and a helpless old man in the first section. In the second and final sections it is Alex himself that is confronted, first by the choice of freedom from prison for the sacrifice of his destructive behavior through psychological conditioning; and in the final section the confrontation, akin to the first section, is physical, retribution takes place as Alex is confronted by those whom he demoralized in the first section. Writing and the Holocaust EssayMuch to the disagreement of the prison chaplain, who believes the technique has the capacity to strip the participant of humanity, through removing the ability to make moral choices, Alex proceeds. In the two weeks that follow, Alex is turned into a guinea pig and psychologically conditioned into becoming extremely ill if he so much thinks a violent thought. An unanticipated side effect occurs and Alex also becomes ill when exposed to the once loved sounds of Beethoven (used in the conditioning process). Now robbed of his individuality, personality and humanity by being transformed into a clockwork orange, a compliant and mind-numbed citizen, Alex is released back into the world from once he came. For the first time in the novel, Alex becomes entirely vulnerable. With the means by which he survived in the world previous to prison no longer available, he is victimized by those he demoralized in his old violent existence before his ability to make the ethical choice between good and bad was removed. The tables turned, Dim, once faithful droog, and Billyboy, former enemy, have become policemen, almost certainly to exercise their taste for violence in a more official capacity. Alex is now the subservient victim, unable to defend himself; Dim and Billyboy take their vengeance by driving him into a field, beating him, and then leaving him with his wounds. In search of refuge Alex finds F. Alexander, a political dissident, who offers Alex a place to stay. It is soon discovered that F. Alexander sees Alex as a no more than a political weapon to demonstrate the dehumanizing consequences of Ludovicos Technique. Subsequent to the discovery that Alex was one of the hooligans that broke into his house years earlier, beating him and raping his wife (who died as a result), F. Alexander goes to such lengths, in the process to shame the government, Alex attempts to commit suicide. The attempt at suicide leads Alex down a new road toward freedom of choice once again. As a result of the suicide attempt and the negative light the government is placed in, the effect of Ludovicos Technique is reversed and Alex becomes a creature free to choose between good and evil once again. With this newfound freedom, Alex turns back to his old ways, and this is how the movie ends. However, the novel goes onto show Alex growing up, not taking responsibility for, but getting bored with his destructive ways, he yearns to settle down and have a family. A Clockwork Orange demonstrates the destructive capabilities of both man and society. The youthful identities are constructed within the text as forces to be reckoned with in their pursuit of violence, thievery and rape. It is expected that it was almost solely the negativities of the actions of the youthful characters in the text that caused the height of moral panic, when the two versions of the A Clockwork Orange were released. However there is another side, the youthful identities, especially Alex, are also presented as victims of a repressive, manipulative society. Without tackling both positive and negative aspects of the construction of youth identities within the text, it is unfair to pass judgment. A Clockwork Orange pressures the audience to ask the question is the right to chose evil freely, preferable to submission to an enforced good. Alex grows through his violent escapades and distressing experiences (in the novel) into a person of higher moral integrity. After leaving his life of violence behind him, he finally grows up and chooses good over evil; it is the freedom to make this choice, not the outcome, which stresses the message:Â  Goodness is something that comes from within Goodness is something chosen. When a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man. (Burgess, 1962, p. 67) References Arkell, H. (2000). Cinema to rewind Clockwork Orange, Bath Chronicle, 15 Mar, p.13 (News). Burgess, A. (1962). A Clockwork Orange, London: Heinemann.

Introduction To Psychology Essays - Psychology, Behaviorism

Introduction To Psychology Kristine Thornton Southern Technical College Dr. Andrea Goldstein Learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. Extinction: A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. Positive Reinforcer : A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response. Negative Reinforcer : An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future. Punishment: A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again. The behavior I am concerned about is my inability to lose 20 pounds. I have gone to a medical weight loss clinic where I lost nearly 30 pounds quickly, but I regained it almost immediately. The trick, I think, to losing the weight was not just caloric restriction but the dietary counseling. Every day I kept a food diary and once a week I was required to weigh in and meet with a counselor who went over my food diary with me and we discussed what I was , and was not doing right. With some tweaks here and there I managed to lose the weight. My cholesterol went down, my blood pressure improved and I even stopped snoring. Now, mind you, I am not out of the "normal" body mass index range, but I am on the upper end of "normal." So technically I am not considered overweight. However, I have an unusually narrow oral aperture, so any extra weight causes sleep apnea, which keeps my husband awake. The situation where I perf orm this behavior most often is when I am at home and either experiencing anxiety or boredom. Additionally, s ometimes after lunch at the office I crave something sweet. My boss is a doctor and likes to bring me treats from the doctor's lounge. I have had to ask him to stop doing this. I do not typically perform this behavior with anyone. It is just something I manage to do on my own. In fact, it happens more often when I am alone. I get a very comforting, happy feeling when I am all cozy on the couch eating a bowl of ice cream, or a chocolate chip cookie is melting in my mouth. I find it hard to describe, but it is probably similar to what a heroin addict feels when he gets that immediate rush coursing through his veins. When I am held accountable for my actions, like when I have to record everything that goes into my mouth and report it to a food counselor each week; that helps me change my behavior. When she tells me I did a great job; that makes me feel like I can keep it up. When my husband tells me how great I look or when my boss comments on what a great job I am doing, that is the kind of positive reinforcement that really helps me; that, and being able to fit into my old cute clothes again. The types of positive reinforcement I could give myself might be treating myself to some new clothes. Shopping for new clothes is always fun when you lose weight. I am in need of some new clothes and I keep telling myself that I will buy them when I lose the weight, but that has not been happening. I do get positive reinforcement from friends and family if I lose a few pounds, but I do not get negative reinforcement for gaining them back. I just give myself negative reinforcement, which is ineffective an d only serves to make me feel worse about myself. Negative reinforcement has proven to be totally ineffective for me. What happens is I feel fatter and uglier than I did before, I feel worthless and depressed and then I just say "screw it" and give up. Then I go eat a bowl of ice cream or a brownie or something to make myself feel better, and then I feel guilty for doing that. It is a vicious cycle . A type of punishment that might work for me might be an electric shock collar

Geert Hofstede-US compared to Brazil Essay Example

Geert Hofstede Geert Hofstede-US compared to Brazil Paper Geert Hofstede-US compared to Brazil Paper A lower score in this category shows that our country doesnt have such a wide gap between the groups that do or do not have the power in society. Brazil scored a 69 in this dimension. They accept more Inequality between the leaders and less powerful In society. In their culture, It Is Important for them to know where they stand In the community, so they know how much respect to pay to another of more power. When selling Into this country, we loud need to understand who the leaders are on the project and be very respectful. Individualism: The US scored 91 . This Is an extremely high score meaning that we value being Individuals In this country. Brazil has a score of 38. Opposite from the US, Brazilian are collectivists. They believe In the group as a whole, rather than individuals. When selling to a country with a low individualism score, you would want to build a rapport with them. You want them to feel like you are part of their family. Masculinity: The US scored a 62 in this dimension, meaning that we are more of a nominative society. Brazil falls right in the middle of the spectrum with a 49. While we strive to be the best, countries with lower scores tend to care for others and want to be happy with what they do in life. Brazil falls right in the middle. When selling to them, we should try to act as equals to them, and not feel the need to one-up them. Uncertainty Avoidance: The US scored 46. We are relatively open to new ideas and not knowing what the future holds. With a 76, Brazil has a high score in this category. : They hate ambiguity, and the unknown makes them anxious. When selling to Brazil, you should be very prepared. If you seem uncertain in yourself, they would probably steer clear of your product. Pragmatism: The US has a low score of 26. We are sometimes skeptical about new technology or changing the way we do things. Brazil scored a 44 here. They also hold some value on traditions, but are more likely to embrace change to better their future. When selling to Brazil, we should try to think outside the box more. Indulgence: In this dimension, the US comes In with a 68. We tend to Indulge more Han we restrain ourselves. Brazil scored a 59 showing they value leisure time also. When selling to Brazil, we can use our work hard, play hard attitudes to relate to them. Greet Hefted-US compared to Brazil By Ariel-Moore The US has a score of 40 in this category. A lower score in this category shows that our country doesnt have such a wide gap between the groups that do or do not have inequality between the leaders and less powerful in society. In their culture, it is important for them to know where they stand in the community, so they know how such respect to pay to another of more power. When selling into this country, we Individualism: The US scored 91 . This is an extremely high score meaning that we value being individuals in this country. Brazil has a score of 38. Opposite from the US, Brazilian are collectivists. They believe in the group as a whole, rather than Masculinity: The US scored a 62 in this dimension, meaning that we are more off Uncertainty Avoidance: The US scored 46. We are relatively open to new ideas and Indulgence: In this dimension, the US comes in with a 68. We tend to indulge more

Dealing with Stress the Genentech Way Case Study

Dealing with Stress the Genentech Way - Case Study Example The company has for many years been recognized by professional bodies for its human resource policies that identifies it as a favorable workplace. This has been because the company prioritizes a balance between its commercial goal and employees’ social ‘well-being’. The company for instance promotes â€Å"creativity and innovation† that encourages its employees to communicate their ideas, even outside the organization, besides accommodating its employees’ diverse ideas (Nelson and Quick, 2010, p. 250). The company’s interactive forums between its human resource and patients also enhance emotional stability while employee benefits promote utility at the workplace. These, together with a conducive environment that balances work and family life conversely benefits the organization by motivating its employees towards achieving Genentech’s objectives such as profitability, efficiency and customer utility (Nelson and Quick, 2010). Diagnosis a nd analysis Distress or ‘eustress’ Genentech’s employees are experiencing ‘eustress’ and not distress. ... the impacts of Genentech’s programs towards employee’s well being The Yerkes-Dodson law that provides for a relationship between employees motivation and performance identifies Genentech’s programs as the factors to the company’s success in the industry. The principle stipulates that employees’ performance is directly proportional to motivational factors to a given limit beyond which further increase in motivational factors leads to a decrease in performance. This rule relates to Genentech’s employee motivational programs through achieved employee utility level and the company’s level of success. Commendable human resource policies that develop emotional stability, a balance between work and family life besides academic support programs for example allows the employees to focus on service delivery (Nelson and Quick, 2010). How the company’s management philosophy and culture sets stage for employees’ well being The managem ent philosophy and culture sets stage for employee well being by providing a favorable social environment for the employees. The organization’s management philosophy that stipulates â€Å"causal intensity† offers employees a level of freedom towards well being (Nelson and Quick, 2010, p. 250). A level of informality in the organization for instance facilitates informal communication towards collaboration for innovation, a factor that further promotes employees satisfaction. Informality also breaks monotony that could be a detriment to employees’ well being through boredom and burning out. Similarly, a culture where every employee feels recognized and appreciated promotes employees sense of belonging towards social well being. The organization achieves this through providing an environment for idea generation among employees and

Why I want to transfer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I want to transfer - Essay Example In addition to social interaction, university will give me a challenge to work harder because the level of competition is very high. Currently, I don’t feel challenged to work harder an aspect that is making me not to put more effort in my studies. I believe I have the potential to compete with university students who scored higher marks before joining the university. My career choice needs high level lecturers who have high experience and knowledge. University will therefore give me an opportunity to be taught by highly qualified lecturers and professors. This will increase the possibility of reaching my future goals. University has more resources that I will use during my training period. In this new institution I will have access to up-to-date books and other library resources such as journal and theses which will increase my knowledge. This is in comparison with college where the resources are limited due to the magnitude of management and the size of the institutions. After transferring to university, I am hoping that I will be able to expound on my skills and knowledge. In addition, I believe that the exposure in university will enable me to relate well with the outside world and working environment at

Managerial Economics College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managerial Economics College - Essay Example Deprivatization will discourage foreign direct investment, this is because investors will fear the occurrence of such a situation in the future and therefore will prefer to invest in other regions. There are some factors that encourage foreign direct investment which include political stability and well defined property rights and when investors learn that political influences will occur they will not invest. Foreign direct investment has advantages in that it increases job opportunities, pay taxes to the government from profits earned, lead to the sharing of information and technologies and also stimulates economic growth, in future less foreign direct investment will decline and these advantages will not be realized. Privatization was aimed at making inefficient public owned businesses to become more efficient when owned by private investors, when this is reversed then we expect to see a decline in the efficiency of these firms in the economy. This is due to competition which will lead to a reduction in the prices of products, better quality and improved consumer choices. The government will have a way in which to implement policies and therefore will have a hand in controlling the economy, deprivatization in most cases occur when there is economic distress and it is aimed at improving the current situation in the economy. Investo Those who gain and loose: Investors have over the years developed the firms they acquired and this has added value to the firms over the years, previous loss making firms have been improved by these investors who have converted the firms into profit making firms. Therefore when the investors are deprived off their firms they will loose and the individuals, government or investors who are accorded the firm will gain. In some cases where products produced by the government are subsidized then privatization leads to an increase in prices, when the government owns these firms then the consumers will experience a reduction in the price of goods and services produced by these firms and therefore gain. Why politicians support these policy: Politicians want mass deprivatization of these firms due to some disadvantages they cause in the economy, one of this disadvantage is that foreign investors will repatriate profits to their home country and therefore does not benefit the host country, the other problem is that they bring stiff competition to the various industries and host country firms will close down due to competition. Finally the politicians will want investors in the country to invest in these firms and not foreigners and they will not want illegal allocation of these resources to some individuals. The performances of a government in power is required to safe guard state property and not transfer property to individuals, for this reason therefore politicians may want to increase government popularity by safeguarding public property by deprivatization. The public owned firms in the market are seen as a tool to further the government goals, when the government acquires these firms then it will be possible for the government to further economic and social goals in the whole nation. Finally private firms may be producing less than the demanded amount, this is because the private owners aim at increasing profits in the short run but the state will

The wide use of CCTV and effects on the Public

The wide use of CCTV and effects on the Public In the year 2000, Philips reviewed the studies that evaluated the effectiveness of closed circuit television (CCTV) in reducing crime, disorder and the fear of crime in a variety of places by using a guiding procedure from Tilleys model (1993a), which focused on the operational mechanisms used in closed circuit television. After his review, he then concluded that CCTV can be very efficient in deterring property crime, but his findings were more restricted to personal crime, public offences and the fear of crime. He also examined the public attitudes towards the use of CCTV in public places. Armitage (2002), in his own review of recent researches into the effectiveness of CCTV on community safety and the practitioners, he observed that CCTV was not always as successful at reducing crime as it was claimed to be. Although he confirmed that CCTV coverage and the governments funding of new systems have increased dramatically over the previous decade, in his findings, he strongly believed that CCTV has been more effective in deterring crime rather than being crime preventive. On the whole, he strongly believed that very little substantial evidence would suggest that CCTV worked. Short and Ditton (1998) noted that researchers in Scotland had concluded that CCTV cameras work to prevent criminality most of the time, unless the offenders were under the influence of alcohol. Obviously, alcohol would hinder proper reasoning and correct decision options. Some CCTV evaluation workers e.g. Gill et al (2005) have interviewed offenders regarding their attitudes towards the installation of CCTV cameras and the possible effects on crime. Although in those studies Gill et al (2005), many offenders felt that CCTV installation has been beneficial to the society, a few people still believe that it was a waste, failing to acknowledge its effectiveness at reducing crime. It was then speculated that offenders would normally wait for the CCTV cameras to move away from their direction before committing the intended crime. It was concluded therefore, that CCTV might have little or no effect in preventing the offenders from committing a crime but rather it would make them aware tha t they were being watched, thereby rendering them to be more careful when committing crimes. 2.2 CCTV and the CCTV Operator. But from the operators perspective according to Smith (2004), limited empirical research has been carried out on the dynamics and social interactions that make up a typical CCTV control rooms operational routine. He believed that the human element has been completely ignored and neglected. His study questioned the accuracy of a central assumption made in most of the written literatures on CCTV (Gill et al 2005). He believed that surveillance cameras were not only controlled and monitored constantly, but are also handled effectively and efficiently by the operators. In order to reduce the effects of tiredness and boredom, the operators often result into extra-curricular activities such as game playing while on duty. Indeed, the findings from the research of Smith (2004) suggested that the operators often felt imprisoned by their job within the confines of the CCTV control room. Based on these findings, he concluded that the human factor has undermined the effectiveness of CCTV surveil lance system. 2.3 CCTV and transport Regarding traffic accidents, Conche and Tight (2006) in their recent research, assessed the potential use for images collected through the increasingly use of CCTV cameras in urban areas as a means of understanding the causes of road traffic accidents and ensuring public safety of all road users. However, they thought that apart from CCTV being used to ensure public safety, it also provided records of accidents which could be used by safety researchers to increase both the quality of life and safety of road users. An area in central Leeds, which was studied showed that an existing CCTV camera network, used for monitoring urban traffic and managing surveillance, has the potential of recording about a quarter of the accidents which occured in the area. This was based on the pattern of past occurrences. Furthermore, majority of the High Streets in the United Kingdom will possibly have more camera set-ups placed in strategic places in order to reduce traffic accidents. The study also con sidered how resourceful the camera and video records could be as a means of collecting contributory factor information on a camera-captured accident. It was expressed as a general belief that the effectiveness of CCTV can only be assessed in terms of how visible each of the factors was likely to appear on video and its relative frequency of occurrence as well as how many crime issues it could resolve. The report concluded that CCTV has a high potential in providing adequate evidences about many of the most commonly occurring factors that contribute to traffic accidents, and in throwing further light on the causes of traffic accidents ( ). 2.4 CCTV and Crime. In the field of environmental criminology, we can not but mention Paul and Patricia Brantingham (2003) who studied extensively the models of crime with theories of the spatial and temporal patterns of human activities to predict the patterns and likelihood of criminal events. By modelling the movement patterns of offenders and the victims, in relation to the distribution and concentration of other people, criminal targets can make it possible to anticipate patterns in the potential displacement of crime from one location to another. The analysis of the movement patterns of criminals utilizing particular crime attractors can provide information on likely crime locations. The behavioural pattern of criminals can be used to predict their activities and the environments of crime, as well as their next-line of actions. Their opinion was that crime prevention and intervention, undertaken in displacement areas, bearing in mind the times and situations that stimulate the occurrence of crime, could have the potential of increasing any crime preventive measure. That article explained how the development of a conceptual model can be used to quantify and predict crime displacement within the concept of time and space. 2.5 Crime Indicators and Attractors The threat of crime to the community is threat to the safety of the society and the sense of security of the residents; and it is also believed to have major impacts on neighbourhood stability, urban and economic development, education, social integration and the perceived quality of life. Today, crime and disorder are often viewed as the main cause of the declining effect of many inner city neighbourhoods. The Fear of crime is sometimes regarded as being detrimental to the society as crime itself. Most crimes can be prevented if the signs are clearly understood and read, and indeed all crimes show crime indicators and signs before they occur. Some of the known crime indicators include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Level of crime. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fear of crime. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Crime victims as per cent of population. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The safety of pedestrians walking alone at night. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Crime rate. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Property crimes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Percentage that decreased park use due to fear. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Number of Neighbourhood Watch groups. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Domestic assault reported per 100,000 populations. (http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/Database/PublicSafety.html) The above are just a few crime indicators; crime indicators are also influenced by location, economic activities, weather conditions and the level of security, etc. According to Spellman (1993), in an economically distressed neighbourhood, the abandoned houses and apartments can become hangouts for thieves, drug dealers, and prostitutes. Inquisitively, does CCTV surveillance recognise these indicators? 2.6 CCTV and the fear of crime. Gafarole (1981), in a paper presented more than twenty years ago supporting Furstenberg (1972), made an observation that has proven to be the understatement of the decade for researchers studying the fear of crime. It was observed thatthe relationship between a crime and its consequences is neither obvious nor simple. His observation was more correct than it was twenty years earlier, despite the fact that the knowledge about the causes and consequences of fear of crime has increased steadily over the years. Every advance that was made, whether by refining concepts, specifying and testing relationships, obtaining more comprehensive data or by some other means, seemed to generate more questions than it answered. After a preliminary discussion of concepts and indicators, a model of the causes and consequences of fear of crime was presented while the components of the model were described in the light of what was already known about the fear of crime. Although the question about the fear of crime has been a major issue with the policy makers and the public (Farrall et al. 2000). The concept of safety can be influenced by a range of different factors so is it with the fear of crime .e.g. Sarno et al., (1999) stated that the presence of CCTV does instil an atmosphere of safety while Ditton (2000) found that one of the positive impact of CCTV is linked to the positive views about CCTV (e.g. Spriggs et al., 2005) Surette (2004) reviewed and discussed the shift to computer enhanced self-monitoring CCTV surveillance systems of public spaces and the social implications. His findings showed the main differences between the first and second generation surveillance i.e. the change from a dumb camera (requiring the human eye for evaluating its images) to a computer-linked camera system which evaluates its own video images. Second generation systems therefore would reduce the human factor in surveillance and address some of the basic concerns associated with the first generation surveillance systems such as data swamping, boredom, voyeurism and profiling. Although additional research is needed to assess CCTV surveillance, the adoption of computer-enhanced CCTV surveillance systems should not be an automatic response to a public space security problem neither should their deployment be decided simply on the availability or cost. In summary, the report has provided a concise overview of the concerns associated with the first generation CCTV surveillance and how the evolution of computer-enhanced CCTV surveillance systems will alter and add to these concerns before a system adoption or installation. 2.7 CCTV Evaluations. Welsh and Farrington (2009) gave a recent review and analysis on the effectiveness of CCTV on crime in public spaces. He evaluated forty-four cases which met the inclusion criteria and the results showed that CCTV caused 16% decrease in crime within the experimental areas when compared with the control areas. The research was motivated by the quest to measure the effectiveness of CCTV schemes in car parks, which caused a 51% decrease in car park crime. CCTV schemes in most other public areas had a small but non-significant impact on crime with a 7% decrease in the city centres and in public houses. Public transport schemes had greater effects with a 23% decrease in total, but these were relatively insignificant. Conclusively, the evaluation showed that CCTV Schemes in the United Kingdom were more effective than other countries such as the USA, based largely on the studies in the car parks. Although Tilley et al (2004) suggested that the use of CCTV increased the risks of being identified and captured as a criminal, Wright and Gibson (1995) added that having the local police and CCTV operators working hand in hand would further help in tracking down suspects and offenders. In the Early years, Ekblom (1986) emphasized that CCTV should be targeted on craved items and pocket-able goods in retail stores to supplement the effort of store detectives. Using the HMV store in Oxford Street as a case study, he discovered that store detectives can cub store theft with the joint effort of CCTV operators. Several studies noted that crime often declined in the months prior to the installation of cameras. After cameras were fully operational, crime might continue to drop for a period as long as two years ( ). Crime would then begin to increase again. As suggested in the literature, this phenomenon is due to publicity or a lack of publicity. The greatest amount of publicity often occurred prior to the installation of the cameras. This was the time when crime levels begin to drop. If CCTV programs were continuously publicized, their effect on crime would remain steady otherwise crime and criminal behaviors would begin to increase as the effect of CCTVs disappeared. According to a brief on the effect of CCTV in 2002 at the Parliament Office of Science and Technology, there was a debate on the changes in recorded crime before and after CCTV camera installation. It was concluded that CCTV was unlikely to reflect crime accurately since not all offences are reported to or recorded by the polic e. Local surveys of crime may provide more accurate measures. 2.8 CCTV and crime displacements. Repetto (1976) speculated that one or more displacements can occur together at the same time while he identified six types of displacements (tactical, situational, spatial, temporal and perpetrator). He defined spatial displacement as the movement of the same crime from one location to another. This is quite different from his definition of tactical displacement when an offender uses a different strategy to commit the same crime. He also defined temporal displacement as when the same offence is committed in the same area but at a different time. This type of displacement is time-oriented. Target displacement was explained when an offender becomes selective in choosing different victims within the same area. Finally, functional displacement operates when the offender changes from a particular crime to another within the same area. Reppetto (1976) then concluded that Displacement refers to the shift of crime either in terms of space, time, or type of offence from the original targets o f crime prevention or interventions. Weisburd et al (2006) argued that crime has the potential to occur when three factors suitable for a crime are present within the available time and space (Cohen and Felson, 1979). However to further expatiate; neglecting the causes of crime such as unemployment and illegal drug would render any intervention ineffective. On the contrary, if the issues of unemployment and drug misuse are addressed, offenders may look elsewhere for a different target area in most cases areas without interventions and thereby leading to crime displacement. Alternatively however, diffusion of benefits to surrounding areas may occur as a result of the intervention. This would depend on the success of the intervention in apprehending offenders. Young et al (2006) researched into crime displacements in Kings cross where views from the streets were used to highlight the impacts of CCTV and policing activities on visible street behaviours. The presence of CCTV surveillance cameras created the fear of being caught on camera thereby contributing to a change in street behaviours by the pedestrians. The data used in this research reflected the cessation of criminal behaviours on the streets. However, the presence of blind spots (areas not accessible to CCTV) are often the areas with high rates of anti-social behaviours. It was concluded that CCTV surveillance cameras do not actually deter crime but rather they are more effective in providing visual evidences in the prosecution of criminals. Such information is handled by law enforcement agencies. Gill and Turbin (1999) studied the effect of CCTV and its effectiveness in a retail store, concluding that this may lower the attitude and vigilance of shop staff where CCTV is seen as th e all- perfect panacea against shop theft or crime, as further buttressed by Beck (2006) on reduction in the degree of vigilance within the store. Nevertheless, the absence of CCTV in local areas was a pre-requisite for crimes such as stealing (Beck, 2006). Gill and Spriggs (2005) wrote a review on the significant crime movements that could be observed clearly from the report on the evaluation of 13 out of the numerous CCTV projects that were put in place by the Crime Reduction Programme (CRP) initiative. The focus was to identify any form of spatial displacement in the schemes that were evaluated. Two techniques, which involved an experimental approach and GIS in assessing any changes in crime trends. The primary aim was to identify any form of displacement and if any could it be as a result of CCTV intervention?. The results showed little proof of displacement. Getis et al (2000) however reviewed the modern techniques of crime analysis with regard to the research and educational challenges outlined by the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. More attention was devoted to the role that crime analysis currently and potentially played in reducing crime and improving the efficiency of police activities. The main aim w as to stimulate an interest in promoting crime analysis in the advancement of crime mapping and visualization. 2.9 CCTV and Geographical Information System (GIS) Williamson et al. (2000) took an experimental approach and regression analysis as a statistical procedure for analysing temporal crime trends over different periods. Few years later, Ratcliffe (2005) used the nearest neighbour test to identify crime pattern movements between two periods. Both scholars, Williamson et al (2000) and Ratcliffe (2005) used GIS and statistics in their research to provide a powerful tool for understanding the spatial characteristics and the impact of crime reduction measures. Levine (2008) added some other techniques based upon the analysis that could be valuable in hotspot detection. Generally therefore, it appeared that some crime types were predicted more successfully by using the Kernel density which was used for predicting crime hot spots (Chainey et al.,2008a). General comments Note that et al is always written in italics 2. Note that any significant result statement must have the appropriate reference(s) quoted against it Note that person pronouns (I or We) are rarely used in dissertation reports, this is often avoided by employing indirect tenses, e.g. the CCTV coverage zones were studied on two consecutive days should be written instead of I studied the CCTV coverage zones on two consecutive days See under your Introduction: consider whether it was wise to have introduced cctv at all. Has it removed th anxiety of 1980s that originally necessitated cctv era? You can discus your personal opinion from your findings Gather from your literature review the main findings of previous workers that closely resemble your work and identify and relate their own achievements to clearly bring out what you have contributed to the literature of this field. Discuss the appropriateness of the methodology you adopted in comparison with similar others (if any) from your literature review and why you chose it and not the others. You may talk about what you would have better achieved if all the camera spots data were released to you by the Sheffield Information Dept. What else can you discuss from your own intelligence and as a UK licensed driver on cctv traffic offences. Find relevant references that you can use within your results and discussion section to support your findings e.g. on the crime displacements from central /darnall wards 7/9 to wards 6, 13, 2, etc., or deprivation-linked crime environments, etc. Well-done and good luck, my dear; dont look at the work but focus at the Glory-to-God praises on that day and the peace-covenant future awaiting you and your family. 1.3 Closed Circuit Television in Sheffield. The first cameras were installed in 1996 prior to the Euro 96 football competition for which Sheffield was a host city; the cameras were primarily installed to monitor transport links within the city centre rather than to monitor crime scenes. It was not until four years later that more cameras were installed to help prevent and detect crime, in consultation with other services such as the South Yorkshire Police (SYP) and the South Yorkshire Passenger Transport (SPT). They were installed in areas that were potential crime hotspots. It is also clear that the major camera network is extensively installed in the city centre and along the major transport links into the city. Presently, Sheffield City Council has 133 Cameras as at the 1st of July 2010 compared with only 60 cameras in July 2000 indicating an increase of 73 cameras installed in 10 years. In 2001and 2003, 11 Cameras each were installed while in 2002, 26 Cameras were installed at each tram stop; in 2004, only 1 Camera was ins talled in Burn greave while in 2005, 5 Cameras at Eyre Street were installed and in 2006, none was installed. In 2007, 2008 and 2009, a total of 17 cameras (10, 4 and 3 Cameras, respectively) were installed at Millennium Square/ Bus Lane/ Exchange Gateway, Ring Road Urban Traffic Control (UTC), and Granville Square/Bus Lane respectively. Currently in 2010, a few more cameras were installed using funds from the Governments Street Crime Initiative (Devonshire Green/The Wicker), the New Deal for Communities Board (Burn greave), Manor/Castle Development Trust (Park Hill) and Charter Row in the city centre (Single Regeneration Budget, Round 6). And cameras were also installed at Super tram stops from the city centre to Meadowhall terminus, parts of Tinsley and parts of Darnall and the city centre (Sheffield City Council, 2010). More developments are expected in Eyre Street and Sheaf Square. The cost of maintaining and monitoring these cameras are ridiculously high, a summary is detailed below; The total Monitoring Costs =  £474,600.00 The total Maintenance Costs =  £198,037.00 Therefore the maintenance Costs per Camera is  £1,489 per year i.e. each camera costs  £3,568.42 to monitor per year. Despite the high cost of maintenance of CCTV, one of the most sophisticated and digital closed circuit television system in Sheffield is known as Sheffield Wide Image Switching System (SWISS), shown in Fig 2 which is still being used at an advantage in crime reduction. Fig. 2: SWISS IN ACTION IN SHEFFIELD. (Courtesy Sheffield Town Hall). Although the objective of creating SWISS , some of which include the prevention of crime and the provision of evidences against offenders to support crime tracking and prevention and then to help the traffic management or assist in the Automatic Number Plate Recognition initiatives to track vehicles used in criminal activities. However, in view of the cost of maintaining and monitoring these CCTV cameras, incorporated into a system known as SWISS, it would be useful to know if the Big Brother is actually watching the streets. 1.4 Crimes in Sheffield. It was recorded that there was approximately 90% reduction in the number of steel workers employed between 1971 (45,100 workers) and 1993 (4,700 workers). According to Taylor et al (1996), about 10, 000 jobs were lost into the mining industry between 1994 and 1996. With this rapid increase in unemployment, crime rate has increased in certain areas in and around Sheffield , already identified by the SYP force as High Intensity Crime Areas, largely more to the part of the northeast of the city. It is estimated that about 60 000 people live in this area which includes the wards of Manor, Darnall, Brightside, a large area of Burngreave, and parts of Castle, Firth Park, Intake, and Nether Shire. These are, in fact, some of the most deprived wards in England. These wards are known to lack good health, educational awareness, and lack good housing facilities. Notwithstanding the presence of High Intensity Areas, according to Simmons et al. (2003), Sheffield is still believed to be one of the safest areas in the United Kingdom. (National Statistics, 2003). 1.5 Crime Indicators and Attractors. The threat of crime to the community is threat to the safety of the society and the sense of security of the residents; and it is also believed to have major impacts on neighbourhood stability, urban and economic development, education, social integration and the perceived quality of life. Today, crime and disorder are often viewed as the main cause of the declining effect of many inner city neighbourhoods. The Fear of crime is sometimes regarded as being detrimental to the society as crime itself. Most crimes can be prevented if the signs are clearly understood and read and indeed all crimes show crime indicators and signs before they occur. Some of the known crime indicators include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Level of crime. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fear of crime. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Crime victims as per cent of population. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The safety of pedestrians walking alone at night. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Crime rate. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Property crimes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Percentage that decreased park use due to fear. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Number of Neighbourhood Watch groups. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Domestic assault reported per 100,000 populations. (http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/Database/PublicSafety.html) These are just a few crime indicators mentioned above; crime indicators are also influenced by location, economic activities, weather conditions and the level of security, etc. According to Spellman (1993), in an economically distressed neighbourhood, the abandoned houses and apartments can become hangouts for thieves, drug dealers, and prostitutes. Inquisitively, does CCTV surveillance recognise these indicators? 1.6 CCTV Surveillance and the Human Error. However, to start with, does CCTV identify crimes? The long hours spent monitoring CCTV surveillance cameras and reviewing the tapes allow the human error factor to set in. No one seems to be an exception to the vulnerability of the unconscious influences and causes of a tired eye. Fig.3 shows a CCTV operator gazing consciously on a camera at close range. For how long can he gaze without missing the most vital indicator to show a crime as just occurred? Fig. 3: CCTV OPERATOR IN CCTV CONTROL ROOM. (Courtesy, Google Images, 2010). Heather (2005) has explained that the police rarely use the Public CCTV to immediately react to crime but only use it as hard evidence for prosecution and prediction. At the Urban eye expert conference few years ago, it was clear that the UK police officers had other priorities than reacting to CCTV nuisance calls for antisocial behaviours. The huge number of cameras in the UK and the broadcasting of these images on television have made petty crime and antisocial behaviours visible to the public. However because most criminal behaviours were recorded and made live, they became impossible to ignore. However Virilio (1998) explained that visual image is easily forgotten due to the speed of the visual image and the excitement of visual information and acquisition. The use of CCTV by the Police is for evidence collection and to search relevant clues for other crimes committed in the area e.g. suspects arriving and parking their cars or other movements linked to another neighbouring crime. As the police employ CCTV image for prosecution, others are exploring how CCTV can be linked into a predictive or preventive system, which is beyond the established practice of making a video camera visible for deterrence. It is correct to say that mobile CCTV has been very useful in acquiring hot spots images. Though it has been assumed that CCTV displaces crime, it is quite subjective if we could base our facts on mere assumptions (Surveillance-and-society,2010).